The present study investigates the development of advanced theory of mind (AToM) among typically developing (TD) children, children with mild intellectual disability (MID), and deaf or hard of hearing (DHH) children. The 2-year longitudinal study comprised three waves and included a large sample of children from Poland in middle childhood aged around 7.5–9.5 years (N = 779; M = 7.7, SD = 0.92 at wave 1). The analysis of children’s understanding of second-order false belief and the Faux-Pas Recognition Test showed that TD children outperformed children with MID and DHH children on both measures. At 7.5 years, almost 60% of the TD children correctly solved the second-order false belief task; correct performance at 7.5 years in children with MID and DHH children was 27 and 38% respectively. Two years later, correct performance rose to 80% (TD children), 45% (children with MID), and 63% (DHH children). Despite these differences, the speed of AToM development did not differ across the groups. The development of faux-pas recognition followed a non-linear pattern, with TD children showing no further significant development after mid-elementary school. Our findings show differences in AToM development between TD children, children with MID, and DHH children, and they suggest that children’s development of AToM may follow different developmental pathways, depending on the aspect of AToM under study.

中文翻译：

---

轻度智力障碍和耳聋或重听儿童的高级心理理论：儿童中期的两年纵向研究

本研究调查了典型发育 (TD) 儿童、轻度智力障碍 (MID) 和耳聋或听力障碍 (DHH) 儿童中高级心智理论 (AToM) 的发展。为期 2 年的纵向研究包括三波，包括来自波兰的中等儿童的大量样本，年龄在 7.5-9.5 岁左右（N  = 779；M  = 7.7，SD = 0.92 在第 1 波）。对儿童对二阶错误信念的理解和 Faux-Pas Recognition Test 的分析表明，TD 儿童在这两个指标上的表现都优于 MID 和 DHH 儿童。在 7.5 岁时，几乎 60% 的 TD 儿童正确解决了二阶错误信念任务；MID 和 DHH 儿童在 7.5 岁时的正确表现分别为 27% 和 38%。两年后，正确表现上升至 80%（TD 儿童）、45%（MID 儿童）和 63%（DHH 儿童）。尽管存在这些差异，但 AToM 的开发速度在各组之间没有差异。失礼识别的发展遵循非线性模式，TD儿童在小学中期后没有进一步显着发展。我们的研究结果显示了 TD 儿童之间 AToM 发展的差异，