The effects of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide against the Tutsi are widespread and long-lasting, but little is known about how posttraumatic consequences differ regarding gender. In the present study, we estimated the associations between trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in a Rwandan community sample and examined whether the associations differed by gender. The sample comprised 498 adults (75.2% women) living in Rwanda's Huye District in 2011. We used a validated self-report checklist to assess the eight most frequent traumatic experiences during the Genocide. The PTSD Checklist–Civilian version (PCL-C) was used to assess PTSS. Associations between trauma exposure and PTSS were estimated using structural equation modeling (SEM), with additional SEMs stratified by gender. The prevalence of exposure to each traumatic event ranged from 15.1% to 64.5%, with more severe PTSS among individuals who reported personal physical injury, β = .76, 95% CI [0.54, 0.98]; witnessing sexual/physical violence against a loved one, β = .51, 95% CI [0.20, 0.81]; a close relative/friend's death, β = .54, 95% CI [0.24, 0.83]; property destruction, β = .35, 95% CI [0.048, 0.51]; or a family member's death due to illness, β = .21, 95% CI [0.00, 0.41]. Men who saw people killed and women who witnessed sexual/physical violence against a close family member reported elevated PTSS. The psychiatric impact of the Rwandan Genocide continues into the 21st century. Increased attention should be paid to the long-term and demographic patterns of distress and disorder, especially in the absence of widespread clinical mental health services.

中文翻译：

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卢旺达针对图西族的种族灭绝事件后创伤经历和创伤后应激症状的性别差异


1994 年卢旺达种族灭绝对图西族的影响是广泛而持久的，但人们对创伤后后果因性别而异的情况知之甚少。在本研究中，我们评估了卢旺达社区样本中创伤暴露与创伤后应激症状（PTSS）之间的关联，并检查了这种关联是否因性别而异。样本包括 2011 年居住在卢旺达胡耶区的 498 名成年人（75.2% 为女性）。我们使用经过验证的自我报告清单来评估种族灭绝期间最常见的八种创伤经历。 PTSD 检查表 - 民用版本 (PCL-C) 用于评估 PTSS。使用结构方程模型 (SEM) 评估创伤暴露与 PTSS 之间的关联，并根据性别对其他 SEM 进行分层。暴露于每种创伤事件的发生率范围为 15.1% 至 64.5%，报告人身伤害的个体中 PTSS 更为严重，β = .76，95% CI [0.54，0.98]；目击亲人遭受性/身体暴力，β = .51，95% CI [0.20，0.81]；近亲/朋友去世，β = .54，95% CI [0.24，0.83]；财产损失，β = .35，95% CI [0.048，0.51]；或家庭成员因病死亡，β = .21，95% CI [0.00，0.41]。目睹他人被杀的男性和目击亲密家庭成员遭受性/身体暴力的女性报告称 PTSS 升高。卢旺达种族灭绝对精神造成的影响一直持续到 21 世纪。应更加关注痛苦和障碍的长期和人口统计模式，特别是在缺乏广泛的临床心理健康服务的情况下。