The global ongoing challenge is managing limited groundwater resources which are mainly used for irrigation and commercial uses and domestic supply. A groundwater investigation to establish baseline data for the implementation of groundwater management policy is of prime importance. The influence of natural factors, such as physiography (topography and drainage), hydraulic gradients, water table elevation and subsurface lithologic heterogeneity, is evaluated for the spatial variations of hydrochemical processes and quality for irrigation and domestic purposes. The technique utilized to establish this relationship includes the assessment of water quality, spatial analysis and multivariate statistics. Furthermore, the hydrochemical processes were unveiled using the ternary diagrams and Gibbs diagram to determine the influence of various processes. Apart from this, health risk associated with this type of groundwater and these controlling factors has also been assessed. The 94, 81, 19 and 62 percent of samples are unsuitable due to sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, Kelly ratio and magnesium hardness, respectively. The groundwater and the surface water constituents show characteristic hydrochemical facies, i.e., Na–HCO₃ in groundwater and Ca–HCO₃ in surface waters furnishing the influence of cation exchanging from north to south of the study area. In conjunction to this, the influence of precipitation, evaporation and rock water interaction is also found supporting the evidence of cation exchange process. Pearson correlation matrix revealed two significant correlations, i.e., TDS- EC, Cl⁻, SO²⁻₄ and Na²⁺ and SO²⁻₄ with potassium and Mg. In trace elements, Zn has a strong relation with Pb and Cu. Factor 1 includes EC, TDS, Cl⁻, SO²⁻₄, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, K⁺ and Fe. Factor 2 includes HCO⁻₃, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd and Cu. Factor 3 includes arsenic only. A significant influence has been found by the topography, drainage, hydraulic gradients and the lithologic heterogeneity on the groundwater. Long-term usage of this water for drinking purpose pose a threat of cancer to the dwellers.

The global ongoing challenge is managing limited groundwater resources which are mainly used for irrigation and commercial uses and domestic supply. A groundwater investigation to establish baseline data for the implementation of groundwater management policy is of prime importance. The influence of natural factors, such as physiography (topography and drainage), hydraulic gradients, water table elevation and subsurface lithologic heterogeneity, is evaluated for the spatial variations of hydrochemical processes and quality for irrigation and domestic purposes. The technique utilized to establish this relationship includes the assessment of water quality, spatial analysis and multivariate statistics. Furthermore, the hydrochemical processes were unveiled using the ternary diagrams and Gibbs diagram to determine the influence of various processes. Apart from this, health risk associated with this type of groundwater and these controlling factors has also been assessed. The 94, 81, 19 and 62 percent of samples are unsuitable due to sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, Kelly ratio and magnesium hardness, respectively. The groundwater and the surface water constituents show characteristic hydrochemical facies, i.e., Na–HCO₃地下水和Ca-HCO ₃地表水家具阳离子从北到交换研究区南部的影响。与此同时，降水、蒸发和岩水相互作用的影响也被发现支持阳离子交换过程的证据。Pearson 相关矩阵揭示了两个显着的相关性，即 TDS-EC、Cl ^-、SO ^2- ₄和 Na ²⁺和 SO ^2- ₄与钾和镁。在微量元素中，Zn 与 Pb 和 Cu 有很强的关系。因子1包括EC、TDS、Cl ^-、SO ^2- ₄、Na ⁺、Mg ²⁺、Ca ²⁺, K ⁺和 Fe。因子 2 包括 HCO ^- ₃、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cd 和 Cu。因子 3 仅包括砷。已发现地形、排水、水力梯度和地下水的岩性非均质性有显着影响。长期饮用这种水对居民构成癌症威胁。