The dairy sector in Rwanda plays a key role in improving nutrition and generating income mostly to rural households. Despite the Rwandan 1994 genocide that left around 80% of dairy cows decimated, the dairy sector has experienced significant growth in the past two decades through government, development organizations and donor programs, in addition to a nascent vibrant public-private partnership. In this paper, we reviewed and documented the evolution of the dairy policies, programs, and regulations in Rwanda and how they have contributed to the development of the dairy sector. The policy change has impacted on the provision and use of inputs, and services that has shaped the sector’s milk production and productivity, milk quality, and demand in the country. The results suggest that various policy and program level interventions have positively contributed to the growth of the dairy sector and improved the livelihoods of low-income households. This has been achieved through increased access to inputs and services, enhanced capacities of public and private sector to deliver services, strengthened dairy cooperatives’ governance, and increased value proposition to members and promotion of milk consumption. We find that some of the implemented policies and programs such as the “Girinka” (One cow per poor family) program, Rwanda Dairy Competitiveness Program II, and Rwanda Dairy Development Project have enabled farmers to have access to improved cow breeds, improved milk production, quality and cow productivity through enhanced health inputs and other services. While the dairy policies, programs and regulations in Rwanda have paved way for the development of the dairy sector and contributed to the provision and use of inputs and services, there are still some challenges that need to be addressed. Accessibility and use of veterinary and artificial insemination services are limited by the quality of veterinary products while the inadequate quality of feeds leads to low productivity of cross and pure breeds. Consequently, farmers’ uptake and use of inputs and services can be enhanced through strengthened capacity of milk collection centres along with health and animal feed policies that guide and control the quality of veterinary products and feeds sold in the markets.

中文翻译：

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回顾卢旺达乳制品政策和法规的演变及其对投入和服务提供的影响

卢旺达的乳制品部门在改善营养和为农村家庭创造收入方面发挥着关键作用。尽管 1994 年卢旺达的种族灭绝导致大约 80% 的奶牛死亡，但在过去的 20 年中，通过政府、发展组织和捐助计划以及新生的充满活力的公私伙伴关系，乳制品行业经历了显着增长。在本文中，我们回顾并记录了卢旺达乳制品政策、计划和法规的演变，以及它们如何促进乳制品行业的发展。政策变化影响了投入品和服务的提供和使用，这些服务塑造了该行业的牛奶生产和生产力、牛奶质量以及该国的需求。结果表明，各种政策和计划层面的干预措施对乳制品行业的发展做出了积极贡献，并改善了低收入家庭的生计。这是通过增加获得投入和服务的机会、提高公共和私营部门提供服务的能力、加强乳制品合作社的治理以及增加对成员的价值主张和促进牛奶消费来实现的。我们发现一些已实施的政策和计划，例如“Girinka”（每个贫困家庭一头奶牛）计划、卢旺达乳业竞争力计划 II 和卢旺达乳业发展项目，使农民能够获得改良的奶牛品种，提高牛奶产量通过加强健康投入和其他服务，提高质量和奶牛生产力。虽然乳制品政策，卢旺达的计划和法规为乳制品行业的发展铺平了道路，并促进了投入物和服务的提供和使用，但仍有一些挑战需要解决。兽医和人工授精服务的可及性和使用受到兽医产品质量的限制，而饲料质量不足导致杂交和纯品种的生产力低下。因此，通过加强牛奶收集中心的能力以及指导和控制市场上出售的兽医产品和饲料质量的健康和动物饲料政策，可以提高农民对投入品和服务的吸收和使用。仍有一些挑战需要解决。兽医和人工授精服务的可及性和使用受到兽医产品质量的限制，而饲料质量不足导致杂交和纯品种的生产力低下。因此，通过加强牛奶收集中心的能力以及指导和控制市场上出售的兽医产品和饲料质量的健康和动物饲料政策，可以提高农民对投入品和服务的吸收和使用。仍有一些挑战需要解决。兽医和人工授精服务的可及性和使用受到兽医产品质量的限制，而饲料质量不足导致杂交和纯品种的生产力低下。因此，通过加强牛奶收集中心的能力以及指导和控制市场上出售的兽医产品和饲料质量的健康和动物饲料政策，可以提高农民对投入品和服务的吸收和使用。