Avian orthoavulavirus 1, formerly known as avian paramyxovirus type-1 (APMV-1), infects more than 250 different species of birds. It causes a broad range of clinical diseases and results in devastating economic impact due to high morbidity and mortality in addition to trade restrictions. The ease of spread has allowed the virus to disseminate worldwide with subjective virulence, which depends on the virus strain and host species. The emergence of new virulent genotypes among global epizootics, including those from Egypt, illustrates the time-to-time genomic alterations that lead to simultaneous evolution of distinct APMV-1 genotypes at different geographic locations across the world. In Egypt, the Newcastle disease was firstly reported in 1947 and continued to occur, despite rigorous prophylactic vaccination, and remained a potential threat to commercial and backyard poultry production. Since 2005, many researchers have investigated the nature of APMV-1 in different outbreaks, as they found several APMV-1 genotypes circulating among various species. The unique intermingling of migratory, free-living, and domesticated birds besides the availability of frequently mobile wild birds in Egypt may facilitate the evolution power of APMV-1 in Egypt. Pigeons and waterfowls are of interest due to their inclusion in Egyptian poultry industry and their ability to spread the infection to other birds either by presence of different genotypes (as in pigeons) or by harboring a clinically silent disease (as in waterfowl). This review details i) the genetic and pathobiologic features of APMV-1 infections in Egypt, ii) the epidemiologic and evolutionary events in different avian species, and iii) the vaccine applications and challenges in Egypt.

中文翻译：

---

埃及禽副粘病毒 1 型：流行病学、进化观点和疫苗方法

禽正形病毒 1，以前称为禽副粘病毒 1 型 (APMV-1)，可感染 250 多种不同种类的鸟类。由于高发病率和高死亡率以及贸易限制，它会导致广泛的临床疾病并导致破坏性的经济影响。传播的便利性使得病毒以主观毒力在世界范围内传播，这取决于病毒株和宿主物种。包括埃及在内的全球流行病中新的毒力基因型的出现说明了导致世界各地不同地理位置的不同 APMV-1 基因型同时进化的时时基因组改变。在埃及，新城疫于 1947 年首次报道，尽管进行了严格的预防性疫苗接种，但仍继续发生，并且仍然是对商业和后院家禽生产的潜在威胁。自 2005 年以来，许多研究人员调查了不同爆发中 APMV-1 的性质，因为他们发现了多种 APMV-1 基因型在不同物种之间传播。除了在埃及频繁移动的野生鸟类的可用性之外，候鸟、自由生活和家养鸟类的独特混合可能会促进 APMV-1 在埃及的进化能力。鸽子和水禽很受关注，因为它们被纳入埃及家禽业，并且它们能够通过存在不同基因型（如鸽子）或通过携带临床无症状疾病（如水禽）而将感染传播给其他鸟类。本综述详细介绍了 i) 埃及 APMV-1 感染的遗传和病理生物学特征，