Using a long-term prospective longitudinal study of U.S. men and their fathers, the present study examined the extent to which the quantity (i.e., shared activities between fathers and sons) and the quality (i.e., assessors’ ratings of fathers’ positive behaviors toward sons and the relationship quality between fathers and sons) of father involvement during childhood influenced sons’ diurnal patterns of salivary cortisol in adulthood (late 30s) directly and indirectly through substance use across the 20s. Findings indicated that the quantity of father involvement during childhood was directly associated with sons’ diurnal cortisol patterns assessed almost 30 years later. Specifically, the quantity of father involvement in childhood significantly increased the intercept (i.e., upon awakening) and also led to a greater reduction in cortisol across the day, suggesting a well-regulated diurnal cortisol pattern. The quantity of father involvement significantly reduced the amount of sons’ illicit drug and tobacco use across the 20s. Tobacco use across the 20s was associated with a lower cortisol intercept level (upon awakening), although the mediating path was not significant. The present study provided empirical evidence demonstrating long-term physiological and behavioral consequences of father involvement in childhood and its potency as a crucial early caregiving environment for sons.

中文翻译：

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父亲在童年时期参与对其儿子成年后生理压力调节系统的长期影响

本研究使用对美国男性及其父亲的长期前瞻性纵向研究，检验了数量（即父亲和儿子之间的共同活动）和质量（即评估者对父亲对父亲的积极行为的评价）的程度。儿子和父亲和儿子之间的关系质量）在童年时期的父亲参与直接和间接地通过 20 多岁的物质使用影响了儿子在成年期（30 多岁后期）唾液皮质醇的昼夜模式。研究结果表明，父亲在童年时期参与的数量与近 30 年后评估的儿子的昼夜皮质醇模式直接相关。具体来说，父亲参与童年的数量显着增加了截距（即，醒来时），并且还导致全天皮质醇减少更多，这表明昼夜皮质醇模式受到良好调节。父亲参与的数量显着减少了儿子在 20 多岁时使用非法药物和烟草的数量。20 多岁的烟草使用与较低的皮质醇拦截水平（醒来时）相关，尽管中介路径并不显着。本研究提供了实证证据，证明父亲参与童年时期的长期生理和行为后果及其作为儿子关键早期照料环境的效力。20 多岁的烟草使用与较低的皮质醇拦截水平（醒来时）相关，尽管中介路径并不显着。本研究提供了实证证据，证明父亲参与童年时期的长期生理和行为后果及其作为儿子关键早期照料环境的效力。20 多岁的烟草使用与较低的皮质醇拦截水平（醒来时）相关，尽管中介路径并不显着。本研究提供了实证证据，证明父亲参与童年时期的长期生理和行为后果及其作为儿子关键早期照料环境的效力。