Flooding is a major plant abiotic stress factor that is frequently experienced by plants simultaneously with other biotic stresses, including herbivory. How plant volatile emissions, which mediate interactions with a wide range of organisms, are influenced by flooding and by multiple co-occurring stress factors remains largely unexplored. Using Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (fall armyworm) as the insect pest and two maize (Zea mays, L. Poaceae) hybrids differentially marketed for conventional and organic production, we assessed the effects of flooding, herbivory, and both stress factors on the composition of blends of emitted volatiles. Headspace volatiles were collected from all treatment combinations seven days after flooding. We documented metrics indicative of biomass allocation to determine the effects of individual and combined stressors on plant growth. We also evaluated relationships between volatile emissions and indicators of soil chemical characteristics as influenced by treatment factors. Flooding and herbivory induced the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in similar ways on both maize hybrids, but the interaction of both stress factors produced significantly larger quantities of emitted volatiles. Thirty-eight volatile compounds were identified, including green leaf volatiles, monoterpenes, an aldehyde, a benzoate ester, sesquiterpenes, a diterpene alcohol, and alkane hydrocarbons. The hybrid marketed for organic production was a stronger VOC emitter. As expected, plant biomass was detrimentally affected by flooding. Soil chemical properties were less responsive to the treatment factors. Taken together, the results suggest that flooding stress and the interactions of flooding and insect attack can shape the emission of plant volatiles and further influence insect-plant interactions.

洪水是主要的植物非生物胁迫因素，植物经常与其他生物胁迫（包括食草）同时经历。植物挥发性排放物（介导与多种生物的相互作用）如何受到洪水和多种同时发生的压力因素的影响，在很大程度上仍未得到探索。使用草地贪夜蛾（鳞翅目：夜蛾科）（秋粘虫）作为害虫和两种玉米（Zea mays, L. Poaceae) 杂交种用于传统和有机生产的差异化销售，我们评估了洪水、食草和这两种压力因素对排放的挥发物混合物组成的影响。溢流 7 天后从所有处理组合中收集顶空挥发物。我们记录了指示生物量分配的指标，以确定单个和组合压力因素对植物生长的影响。我们还评估了挥发性排放物与受处理因素影响的土壤化学特征指标之间的关系。洪水和食草以相似的方式在两种玉米杂交种上诱导挥发性有机化合物 (VOC) 的排放，但两种压力因素的相互作用产生了显着大量排放的挥发物。鉴定出 38 种挥发性化合物，包括绿叶挥发物、单萜、醛、苯甲酸酯、倍半萜、二萜醇和烷烃。用于有机生产的混合动力车是更强的 VOC 排放器。正如预期的那样，植物生物量受到洪水的不利影响。土壤化学性质对处理因素的响应较小。综上所述，结果表明洪水胁迫以及洪水与昆虫侵袭的相互作用可以影响植物挥发物的排放，并进一步影响昆虫与植物的相互作用。土壤化学性质对处理因素的响应较小。综上所述，结果表明洪水胁迫以及洪水与昆虫侵袭的相互作用可以影响植物挥发物的排放，并进一步影响昆虫与植物的相互作用。土壤化学性质对处理因素的响应较小。综上所述，结果表明洪水胁迫以及洪水与昆虫侵袭的相互作用可以影响植物挥发物的排放，并进一步影响昆虫与植物的相互作用。