The picture-word task presents participants with a number of pictured objects together with a written distractor word superimposed upon each picture, and their task is to name the depicted object while ignoring the distractor word. Depending on the specific picture and word combination, various effects, including the identity facilitation effect (e.g., DOG + dog) and the semantic interference effect (e.g., GOAT + cow), are often observed. The response patterns of the picture-word task in terms of naming latencies reflect the mechanisms underlying lexical selection in speech production. Research using this method, however, has typically focused on alphabetic languages, or involved bilingual populations, making it difficult to specifically investigate orthographic effects in isolation. In this paper, we report five experiments investigating the role of orthography in the picture-word task by varying distractor script (using the multiscriptal language Japanese, and pseudohomophonic spellings in English) across three different populations (Japanese monolinguals, Japanese-English bilinguals, and English monolinguals), investigating both the identity facilitation effect and the semantic interference effect. The results generally show that the magnitude of facilitation is affected by orthography even within a single language. The findings and specific patterns of results are discussed in relation to current theories on speech production.

图片词任务向参与者展示了许多图片对象以及叠加在每张图片上的书面干扰词，他们的任务是在忽略干扰词的同时命名所描绘的对象。根据具体的图片和单词组合，各种效果，包括身份促进效果（例如，狗+ 狗）和语义干扰效果（例如，山羊+ 牛)，经常被观察到。图片词任务在命名延迟方面的响应模式反映了语音生成中词汇选择的潜在机制。然而，使用这种方法的研究通常侧重于字母语言，或涉及双语人群，因此很难单独研究正字法效果。在本文中，我们报告了五个实验，通过在三个不同的人群（日语单语者、日英双语者和英语单语者），研究身份促进效应和语义干扰效应。结果通常表明，即使在单一语言中，促进程度也会受到拼写法的影响。研究结果和特定的结果模式将结合当前的语音生成理论进行讨论。