The Lesser Sunda Archipelago offers exceptional potential as a model system for studying the dynamics of dispersal-driven diversification. The geographic proximity of the islands suggests the possibility for successful dispersal, but this is countered by the permanence of the marine barriers and extreme intervening currents that are expected to hinder gene flow. Phylogenetic and species delimitation analyses of flying lizards (genus Draco) using single mitochondrial genes, complete mitochondrial genomes, and exome-capture data sets identified 9–11 deeply divergent lineages including single-island endemics, lineages that span multiple islands, and parapatrically distributed nonsister lineages on the larger islands. Population clustering and PCA confirmed these genetic boundaries with isolation-by-distance playing a role in some islands or island sets. While gdi estimates place most candidate species comparisons in the ambiguous zone, migration estimates suggest 9 or 10 species exist with nuclear introgression detected across some intra-island contact zones. Initial entry of Draco into the archipelago occurred at 5.5–7.5 Ma, with most inter-island colonization events having occurred between 1–3 Ma. Biogeographical model testing favors scenarios integrating geographic distance and historical island connectivity, including an initial stepping-stone dispersal process from the Greater Sunda Shelf through the Sunda Arc as far eastward as Lembata Island. However, rather than reaching the adjacent island of Pantar by dispersing over the 15-km wide Alor Strait, Draco ultimately reached Pantar (and much of the rest of the archipelago) by way of a circuitous route involving at least five overwater dispersal events. These findings suggest that historical geological and oceanographic conditions heavily influenced dispersal pathways and gene flow, which in turn drove species formation and shaped species boundaries. [Biogeography; genomics, Indonesia; lizards; phylogeography; reptiles]

中文翻译：

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系统基因组分析揭示了小巽他飞蜥（Draco 属）中分散驱动的物种形成和基因流的分歧

小巽他群岛作为研究分散驱动的多样化动态的模型系统具有非凡的潜力。这些岛屿的地理邻近性表明成功分散的可能性，但这被海洋屏障的永久性和预计会阻碍基因流动的极端干预电流所抵消。使用单个线粒体基因、完整的线粒体基因组和外显子组捕获数据集对飞行蜥蜴（Draco 属）进行系统发育和物种定界分析，确定了 9-11 个差异很大的谱系，包括单岛特有种、跨越多个岛屿的谱系和近亲分布的非姐妹较大岛屿上的血统。种群聚类和 PCA 证实了这些遗传边界，距离隔离在某些岛屿或岛屿集中发挥作用。虽然 gdi 估计将大多数候选物种比较置于模棱两可的区域，但迁移估计表明存在 9 或 10 个物种，在一些岛内接触区检测到核渗入。Draco 最初进入群岛发生在 5.5-7.5 Ma，大多数岛间殖民事件发生在 1-3 Ma 之间。生物地理模型测试有利于整合地理距离和历史岛屿连通性的情景，包括从大巽他大陆架通过巽他弧向东至伦巴塔岛的初始垫脚石分散过程。然而，不是通过分散在 15 公里宽的亚罗海峡到达邻近的潘塔岛，德拉科最终通过一条涉及至少五次水上扩散事件的迂回路线到达了潘塔尔（以及群岛的大部分其他地区）。这些研究结果表明，历史地质和海洋条件严重影响了扩散途径和基因流动，进而推动了物种的形成和物种边界的形成。[生物地理学；基因组学，印度尼西亚；蜥蜴；系统地理学；爬行动物]