Abstract The Separation Law of 1905 is widely considered a defining moment in modern French political culture and an enduring legacy of the Third Republic. Whereas scholars have mostly concentrated on the political and intellectual genesis of the law, this article asks how ‘ordinary Catholics’ reacted to separation. It concentrates on crowd action in response to the so-called inventories of 1906, during which State officials audited all property that the Church either possessed or of which it had rights of use. By analysing the forms, motives and legitimation strategies underlying popular resistance against the inventories in Brittany, this article highlights the importance of space for structuring protest and violence in early twentieth-century France. It argues, first, that crowd action heavily drew on concepts of homeland, alternately understood as the local commune, the Breton region or the international community of Catholic believers. Secondly, the article demonstrates that these protests targeted the Republic itself and not, as had been the case during the 1890s and the post-1907 period, individual republicans. Finally, by analysing how crowd action sought to defend the homeland against the encroaching power of a State poised for change, the article reveals the persistence of reactive protest in post-1848 France.

中文翻译：

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从各省挑战共和国：法国分离法（1905）之后的群众行动分析

摘要 1905 年的分离法被广泛认为是现代法国政治文化的决定性时刻，也是第三共和国经久不衰的遗产。学者们主要集中在法律的政治和知识起源上，本文询问“普通天主教徒”对分离的反应。它专注于应对所谓的 1906 年库存的人群行动，在此期间，国家官员审计了教会拥有或有权使用的所有财产。通过分析布列塔尼民众反对库存的形式、动机和合法化策略，本文强调了空间对于构建 20 世纪早期法国抗议和暴力的重要性。它认为，首先，人群行动很大程度上借鉴了祖国的概念，也可理解为当地公社、布列塔尼地区或国际天主教信徒社区。其次，文章表明，这些抗议活动针对的是共和国本身，而不是像 1890 年代和 1907 年后时期那样针对个别共和党人。最后，通过分析人群行动如何试图捍卫祖国免受准备变革的国家的侵占，本文揭示了 1848 年后法国持续存在的反应性抗议。