Roads designed by civil or military engineers for animal-drawn vehicles before the arrival of the railways constituted an essential factor for the movement of goods and people and for the economy and trade in different countries. The improvement in road construction techniques over the 18th and 19th centuries, following the creation of the first civil engineering colleges and institutions, allowed greater transportation at diminishing cost. Despite its significance, this heritage has received comparatively little attention from industrial archaeologists. As such, the object of the present article is to provide an overview of the development in road planning and construction in Spain over the 18th and 19th centuries, in order to demonstrate the historical and technological value of these roads. The article also presents two sections of Spanish roads corresponding to the start and end of the study period, and identifies some of the main archaeological elements dating to their time of construction that prove the evolution in road technology. This process has made it possible to create an inventory which incorporates the main elements that characterise this type of infrastructure.

中文翻译：

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安达卢西亚和瓦伦西亚的道路。18 和 19 世纪的西班牙交通遗产

在铁路到来之前，由土木或军事工程师为畜力车设计的道路构成了货物和人员流动以及各国经济和贸易的重要因素。在 18 世纪和 19 世纪，随着第一批土木工程学院和机构的建立，道路施工技术的改进使运输成本降低。尽管意义重大，但工业考古学家对这一遗产的关注相对较少。因此，本文的目的是概述 18 和 19 世纪西班牙道路规划和建设的发展，以展示这些道路的历史和技术价值。本文还介绍了与研究时期开始和结束相对应的西班牙道路的两个部分，并确定了一些可追溯到其建造时间的主要考古元素，这些元素证明了道路技术的发展。这个过程使得创建一个清单成为可能，其中包含了这种基础设施类型的主要元素。