ABSTRACT The use of renewable hydraulic energy sources by mankind most likely has its origins in the development of the watermills. To understand the functioning of these mills, this article first reviews, through the analysis of different bibliographical sources, the technical evolution of the machinery used since the appearance of the first watermills to grind cereal grain in the 1st century bc. Secondly, a particular area of the south-west of Spain, Alcalá de Guadaíra, has been selected for study, whose strategic location as well as its hydrological characteristics gave rise, firstly, to an intensive milling industry, and, later, a famed baking industry, from the late Middle Ages until recent decades. The huge development of these two industrial activities has made Alcalá de Guadaíra an exceptional example in Spain, with 40 watermills in the early 18th century. Extensive work on site allowed the analysis of the state and types of watermills that still exist in this area, identifying their similarities and differences. Unfortunately, after they fell into disuse, only 28 of these mills remain today; 12 of them are in a relative good state of preservation, seven in an alarming state of ruin and, of the other nine, only some unrecognisable vestiges remain. Some of these mill buildings have been restored recently, although their machinery is missing. Only from old photographs or by visiting mills restored in other areas is it possible to determine how these watermills worked. Due to the lack of financial resources to carry out physical restoration of the industrial heritage missing in these flour mills, a virtual model of one of them has been developed. This work provides, at least virtually, a reconstruction of the traditional mills which helps promote technological studies and shows how they worked, as part of virtual exhibitions. In addition, a computer application of augmented reality has been developed that any visitor can install on a mobile device to display the virtual reality of the machinery, generated by 3D models, so they can visualise the physical reality that they would have found in the mill.

中文翻译：

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水车：西班牙使用可再生液压能源的起源

摘要 人类对可再生水力能源的使用最有可能起源于水车的发展。为了了解这些磨坊的功能，本文首先通过对不同文献来源的分析，回顾了自公元前 1 世纪第一台水磨机出现以来所使用的机器的技术演变。其次，西班牙西南部的一个特定地区 Alcalá de Guadaíra 被选中进行研究，该地区的战略位置及其水文特征首先形成了密集的制粉业，然后是著名的烘焙业。工业，从中世纪晚期到最近几十年。这两项工业活动的巨大发展使 Alcalá de Guadaíra 成为西班牙的一个特殊例子，18 世纪初期有 40 座水车。现场的大量工作允许分析该地区仍然存在的水车的状态和类型，确定它们的异同。不幸的是，在废弃之后，这些磨坊今天只剩下 28 座了。其中12座保存状况较好，7座处于令人震惊的毁坏状态，另外9座中只剩下一些无法辨认的遗迹。其中一些工厂建筑最近已经修复，尽管它们的机器丢失了。只有通过旧照片或参观其他地区修复的磨坊，才有可能确定这些水磨机是如何工作的。由于缺乏对这些面粉厂中缺失的工业遗产进行物理修复的财政资源，已经开发了其中一个的虚拟模型。作为虚拟展览的一部分，这项工作至少在虚拟上提供了传统工厂的重建，这有助于促进技术研究并展示它们是如何工作的。此外，还开发了增强现实的计算机应用程序，任何访客都可以将其安装在移动设备上以显示由 3D 模型生成的机械虚拟现实，因此他们可以将他们在工厂中发现的物理现实可视化.