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Between gesture and physiognomy: ‘universal language’ and the metaphysics of film form in Béla Balázs’s Visible Man
Screen Pub Date : 2018-01-01 , DOI: 10.1093/screen/hjy054
Abraham Geil

This article takes up the question of cinematic multilingualism by tracing a fantasy of its negation in early film theory. The widespread trope of film as a ‘universal language’ in the 1920s can be understood as a reaction to the threat of linguistic difference (‘the curse of Babel’), and perhaps no film theorist took this trope further than Bela Balazs. In Visible Man (1924), Balazs pushes the idea to its paradoxical limit with a theory of film as not just the antidote to linguistic divisions but the antinomy of verbal language qua language. This theory depends upon an underlying metaphysics of the filmic image in which, Balazs writes, ‘the body becomes unmediated spirit, spirit rendered visible, wordless’. ‘Physiognomy’ is the name Balazs gives to this metaphysics. It is conceptualized in Visible Man through an ontology of film as the immediate expression of essence in sensible form, one which depends in turn upon a never fully successful attempt to severe cinematic gesture from verbal language and subsume it within Balazs’s transcendental notion of ‘physiognomy’. Giorgio Agamben’s writings on gesture in film suggest a path to ‘overcoming’ Balazs’s metaphysical picture. Because gesture bears the irreducible traces of historicity and difference its presence at the heart of Balazs’s theory ultimately undoes the fantasy of a universal (mono)language along with the metaphysics of ‘physiognomy’ that would sustain it.

中文翻译:

在手势与相貌之间:贝拉·巴拉兹 (Béla Balázs) 的《看得见的人》中的“通用语言”与电影形式的形而上学

本文通过追溯早期电影理论中的否定幻想来探讨电影多语言问题。1920 年代普遍将电影比喻为“通用语言”,可以理解为对语言差异威胁(“巴别塔的诅咒”)的反应,也许没有电影理论家比贝拉·巴拉兹 (Bela Balazs) 更深入地运用这种比喻。在 Visible Man (1924) 中,Balazs 将电影理论推向了矛盾的极限,电影不仅是语言分歧的解药,而且是语言语言的二律背反。这个理论依赖于电影图像的潜在形而上学,巴拉兹写道,“身体变成了无中介的精神,精神变得可见,无言”。“相貌”是巴拉兹给这种形而上学起的名字。它在《有形人》中通过电影本体论被概念化为可感形式的本质的直接表达,而这又取决于从未完全成功的尝试从口头语言中严厉打击电影姿态并将其纳入巴拉兹的“相貌”的先验概念. 乔治·阿甘本 (Giorgio Agamben) 关于电影中手势的著作提出了一条“克服”巴拉兹 (Balazs) 形而上学画面的途径。因为手势带有不可还原的历史性和差异性痕迹,所以它在巴拉兹理论的核心中的存在最终消除了普遍(单一)语言的幻想以及支撑它的“相貌”的形而上学。这反过来又依赖于从未完全成功地尝试从口头语言中严厉打击电影姿态并将其包含在巴拉兹的“相貌”先验概念中。乔治·阿甘本 (Giorgio Agamben) 关于电影中手势的著作提出了一条“克服”巴拉兹 (Balazs) 形而上学画面的途径。因为手势带有不可还原的历史性和差异性痕迹,所以它在巴拉兹理论的核心中的存在最终消除了普遍(单一)语言的幻想以及支撑它的“相貌”的形而上学。这反过来又依赖于从未完全成功地尝试从口头语言中严厉打击电影姿态并将其包含在巴拉兹的“相貌”先验概念中。乔治·阿甘本 (Giorgio Agamben) 关于电影中手势的著作提出了一条“克服”巴拉兹 (Balazs) 形而上学画面的途径。因为手势带有不可还原的历史性和差异性痕迹,所以它在巴拉兹理论的核心中的存在最终消除了普遍(单一)语言的幻想以及支撑它的“相貌”的形而上学。
更新日期:2018-01-01
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