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Disability in the Industrial Revolution: physical impairment in British coalmining, 1780–1880
Social History ( IF 1.1 ) Pub Date : 2019-07-03 , DOI: 10.1080/03071022.2019.1617999
Marjorie Levine-Clark 1
Affiliation  

kirk sessions decided who should receive it. While collections were notionally voluntary, their public nature (at the church door or during worship) introduced a coercive element, as did occasional door-to-door collections. As well as distributing cash directly to the needy, sessions might supply clothing, shoes and occasionally food or fuel, or even pay for repairs to people’s houses. They also funded medical treatment and, when all else failed, they paid for winding sheets and for the digging of graves for the poor. The system’s ability to adapt to individual needs meant that it was ‘recognisable and functionally comparable within a wider international context of welfare’ (166). Sickness as well as long-term disability (physical and mental) were relieved, yet the majority of recipients of relief were apparently neither disabled nor sick. Thus, although pre-modern systems of relief have a reputation for making a harsh distinction between the deserving and undeserving poor, that is a reflection of policies and pronouncements rather than practice. Most payments went to people because of their immediate necessity, many of whom were able-bodied, notably single parents struggling to combine employment with bringing up children, while the unemployed might receive one-off payments to help them back into work. Just as the able-bodied poor were supported in spite of a reluctance to help the ‘idle’ and ‘sturdy’ poor, a similar cultural hostility to helping ‘strangers’ was also not borne out in practice, as kirk sessions often provided relief to outsiders in difficulty. The final chapter gives an overview of the range of secular sources of poor relief that sat alongside the kirk sessions. It serves to show that, while other agencies supplemented their work, the kirk sessions were ‘the engines of poor relief’ (240) In recent decades, Scottish ecclesiastical historians have begun to exploit the great riches contained within the kirk session records. New questions have been asked, new insights gained, and our understanding of the nature, role and impact of the Reformed church in Scotland has been transformed. This book is an excellent example of that enriching turn in Scottish ecclesiastical history that has swept away so many lazy characterizations of Reformation Scotland in general and its church in particular. It is an absorbing study, clearly and engagingly written and its findings are firmly placed within the context of scholarship on Scottish, English and European poor relief.

中文翻译:

工业革命中的残疾:1780-1880 年英国煤矿的身体残疾

柯克会议决定谁应该收到它。虽然收集在理论上是自愿的,但它们的公共性质(在教堂门口或礼拜期间)引入了强制性元素,偶尔的挨家挨户收集也是如此。除了直接向有需要的人分发现金外,会议还可能提供衣服、鞋子,偶尔还会提供食物或燃料,甚至支付人们房屋的维修费用。他们还资助医疗,当一切都失败时,他们支付缠绕床单和为穷人挖掘坟墓的费用。该系统适应个人需求的能力意味着它“在更广泛的国际福利背景下具有可识别性和功能可比性”(166)。疾病以及长期残疾(身体和精神)得到缓解,但大多数救济接受者显然既没有残疾也没有生病。因此,尽管前现代的救济制度以严格区分应得和不应得的穷人而著称,但这是政策和声明的反映,而不是实践。大多数补助金发放给人们是因为他们的迫切需要,其中许多人身体健全,尤其是单亲父母,努力将就业与抚养孩子结合起来,而失业者可能会收到一次性补助金,以帮助他们重返工作岗位。正如身体健全的穷人虽然不愿帮助“闲散”和“坚强”的穷人而得到支持一样,在实践中也没有证明对帮助“陌生人”的类似文化敌意,因为柯克会议经常为外人有难。最后一章概述了与柯克会议并列的贫困救济的世俗来源范围。它表明,虽然其他机构补充了他们的工作,但柯克会议是“救济穷人的引擎”(240) 近几十年来,苏格兰教会历史学家开始利用柯克会议记录中包含的巨大财富。人们提出了新的问题,获得了新的见解,我们对苏格兰改革宗教会的性质、作用和影响的理解也发生了变化。这本书是苏格兰教会历史中丰富的转折的一个很好的例子,它扫除了许多对苏格兰整体改革特别是教会的懒惰描述。这是一项引人入胜的研究,写得清晰而引人入胜,其研究结果牢牢地置于有关苏格兰、英国和欧洲贫困救济的学术背景中。当其他机构补充他们的工作时,柯克会议是“救济穷人的引擎”(240) 近几十年来,苏格兰教会历史学家开始利用柯克会议记录中包含的巨大财富。人们提出了新的问题,获得了新的见解,我们对苏格兰改革宗教会的性质、作用和影响的理解也发生了变化。这本书是苏格兰教会历史中丰富的转折的一个很好的例子,它扫除了许多对苏格兰整体改革特别是教会的懒惰描述。这是一项引人入胜的研究,写得清晰而引人入胜,其研究结果牢牢地置于有关苏格兰、英国和欧洲贫困救济的学术背景中。当其他机构补充他们的工作时,柯克会议是“救济穷人的引擎”(240) 近几十年来,苏格兰教会历史学家开始利用柯克会议记录中包含的巨大财富。人们提出了新的问题,获得了新的见解,我们对苏格兰改革宗教会的性质、作用和影响的理解也发生了变化。这本书是苏格兰教会历史中丰富的转折的一个很好的例子,它扫除了许多对苏格兰整体改革特别是教会的懒惰描述。这是一项引人入胜的研究,写得清晰而引人入胜,其研究结果牢牢地置于有关苏格兰、英国和欧洲贫困救济的学术背景中。柯克会议是“救济穷人的引擎” (240) 近几十年来,苏格兰教会历史学家开始利用柯克会议记录中包含的巨大财富。人们提出了新的问题,获得了新的见解,我们对苏格兰改革宗教会的性质、作用和影响的理解也发生了变化。这本书是苏格兰教会历史中丰富的转折的一个很好的例子,它扫除了许多对苏格兰整体改革特别是教会的懒惰描述。这是一项引人入胜的研究,文字清晰且引人入胜,其研究结果牢牢地置于苏格兰、英国和欧洲贫困救济的学术背景中。柯克会议是“救济穷人的引擎” (240) 近几十年来,苏格兰教会历史学家开始利用柯克会议记录中包含的巨大财富。人们提出了新的问题,获得了新的见解,我们对苏格兰改革宗教会的性质、作用和影响的理解也发生了变化。这本书是苏格兰教会历史中丰富的转折的一个很好的例子,它扫除了许多对苏格兰整体改革特别是教会的懒惰描述。这是一项引人入胜的研究,写得清晰而引人入胜,其研究结果牢牢地置于有关苏格兰、英国和欧洲贫困救济的学术背景中。苏格兰教会历史学家已经开始利用柯克会议记录中包含的巨大财富。人们提出了新的问题,获得了新的见解,我们对苏格兰改革宗教会的性质、作用和影响的理解也发生了变化。这本书是苏格兰教会历史中丰富的转折的一个很好的例子,它扫除了许多对苏格兰整体改革特别是教会的懒惰描述。这是一项引人入胜的研究,文字清晰且引人入胜,其研究结果牢牢地置于苏格兰、英国和欧洲贫困救济的学术背景中。苏格兰教会历史学家已经开始利用柯克会议记录中包含的巨大财富。人们提出了新的问题,获得了新的见解,我们对苏格兰改革宗教会的性质、作用和影响的理解也发生了变化。这本书是苏格兰教会历史中丰富的转折的一个很好的例子,它扫除了许多对苏格兰整体改革特别是教会的懒惰描述。这是一项引人入胜的研究,写得清晰而引人入胜,其研究结果牢牢地置于有关苏格兰、英国和欧洲贫困救济的学术背景中。这本书是苏格兰教会历史中丰富的转折的一个很好的例子,它扫除了许多对苏格兰整体改革特别是教会的懒惰描述。这是一项引人入胜的研究,写得清晰而引人入胜,其研究结果牢牢地置于有关苏格兰、英国和欧洲贫困救济的学术背景中。这本书是苏格兰教会历史中丰富的转折的一个很好的例子,它扫除了许多对苏格兰整体改革特别是教会的懒惰描述。这是一项引人入胜的研究,写得清晰而引人入胜,其研究结果牢牢地置于有关苏格兰、英国和欧洲贫困救济的学术背景中。
更新日期:2019-07-03
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