Semantics is commonly defined as “the study of meaning” while pragmatics is generally referred to as “the study of meaning in context”. In other words, semantics deal with the sentence meaning (e.g., literal meaning of “How are you?”), while pragmatics is more concerned with the speaker/utterance meaning (e.g., the greeting meaning of “How are you?”). Both fields interact with each other and with other lower layers of language such as phonology, morphology and syntax in many ways. Semantics and pragmatics have been established as research fields a long time ago and been widely studied ever since, as also evidenced by a number of introductory text books dating from 80s to this date (Kroeger 2018; Levinson 1983; Cruse 2000; Birner 2012/2013; Kadmon 2001). Previous introductory books are remarkably rich with linguistic theorems and provide a comprehensive introduction to the topic. However, the majority of them offer a

中文翻译：

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自然语言处理的语言基础 II：语义和语用学的 100 个要点

语义学通常被定义为“意义的研究”，而语用学通常被称为“语境中意义的研究”。换句话说，语义处理句子含义（例如，“你好吗？”的字面含义），而语用学更关注说话者/话语的含义（例如，“你好吗？”的问候语含义）。这两个领域以多种方式相互影响，并与其他低层语言（如音系、形态和句法）相互作用。语义学和语用学早已成为研究领域，从那时起就被广泛研究，从 80 年代至今的许多介绍性教科书也证明了这一点（Kroeger 2018; Levinson 1983; Cruse 2000; Birner 2012/2013 ; 卡德蒙 2001）。以前的介绍性书籍非常丰富的语言定理，并提供了对该主题的全面介绍。然而，他们中的大多数提供了一个