In this contribution, we review aspects of the petrological, metamorphic and sedimentological characteristics of Neotethyan and Pacific subduction zones and compare them to the Western and Central Alps and the Pyrenees. In this contribution, we review aspects of the petrological, metamorphic and sedimentological characteristics of Neotethyan and Pacific subduction zones and compare them to the Western and Central Alps and the Pyrenees. We argue that the current models of formation of the Western and Central Alps, which invoke the subduction of significant volumes of oceanic lithosphere and spontaneous subduction initiation are unable to explain fundamental characteristics unique to the Pyrenees and European Alps orogens. Their characteristic geodynamic features are surprisingly distinct from features of Wadati-Benioff-type subduction, as the latter typically have large subducted oceanic slabs, near-continuous magmatism and specific subduction initiation characteristics. The Pyrenees and the Western to Central Alps however, are characterized by subduction initiation without magmatism at rifted margins and inefficient subduction of hydrated lithologies into the convective upper mantle. The pre-collisional lithosphere from the Pyrenees to the Central Alps, or Western Tethys sensu lato comprised several sub-basins characterized by extremely thinned continental crust, exhumed subcontinental mantle and, locally, minor volumes of embryonic ultra-slow spreading ocean crust. This allows us to distinguish Benioff-type oceanic subduction resulting from the efficient subduction of hydrated oceanic lithosphere from Ampferer-type continental subduction. The latter records the closure of hyper-extended continental basins with minor volumes of oceanic crust, and subduction of predominantly dry lithosphere into the convective upper mantle.

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Ampferer 型俯冲事件及其对阿尔卑斯山和比利牛斯山脉的影响

在这篇文章中，我们回顾了新特提斯和太平洋俯冲带的岩石学、变质和沉积学特征，并将它们与西部和中部阿尔卑斯山以及比利牛斯山脉进行了比较。在这篇文章中，我们回顾了新特提斯和太平洋俯冲带的岩石学、变质和沉积学特征，并将它们与西部和中部阿尔卑斯山以及比利牛斯山脉进行了比较。我们认为，目前的西部和中部阿尔卑斯山的形成模型，这些模型调用了大量海洋岩石圈的俯冲和自发俯冲开始，无法解释比利牛斯山脉和欧洲阿尔卑斯山造山带独有的基本特征。它们的地球动力学特征与瓦达蒂-贝尼奥夫型俯冲的特征惊人地不同，因为后者通常具有大的俯冲大洋板块、近乎连续的岩浆作用和特定的俯冲起始特征。然而，比利牛斯山脉和中阿尔卑斯山脉的特征是在裂谷边缘没有岩浆作用的俯冲开始和水合岩性向对流上地幔的低效俯冲。从比利牛斯山脉到中阿尔卑斯山或西特提斯山脉的碰撞前岩石圈包括几个以极薄的大陆地壳、挖掘出的次大陆地幔和局部的少量胚胎超缓慢扩张洋壳为特征的子盆地。这使我们能够将水合海洋岩石圈的有效俯冲与 Ampferer 型大陆俯冲区分开来。