Cancer patients have a high risk of developing venous thromboembolism and arterial thrombosis, along with an increased risk of anticoagulant-related bleeding with primary and secondary prophylaxis of cancer-associated thrombosis. Decisions on initiation, dosing, and duration of anticoagulant therapy for prevention and treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis are challenging, as clinicians have to balance patients' individual risk of (recurrent) thrombosis against the risk of bleeding complications. For this purpose, several dedicated risk assessment models for venous thromboembolism in cancer patients have been suggested. However, most of these scores perform poorly and have received limited to no validation. For bleeding and arterial thrombosis, no risk scores have been developed specifically for cancer patients, and treatment decisions remain based on clinical gestalt and rough and unstructured estimation of the risks. The aims of this review are to summarize the characteristics and performance of risk assessment scores for (recurrent) venous thromboembolism and discuss available data on risk assessment for bleeding and arterial thrombosis in the cancer population. This summary can help clinicians in daily practice to make a balanced decision when considering the use of risk assessment models for cancer-associated venous thromboembolism. Future research attempts should aim at improving risk assessment for arterial thrombosis and anticoagulant-related bleeding in cancer patients.

癌症患者发生静脉血栓栓塞和动脉血栓形成的风险很高，同时抗凝剂相关出血的风险增加，主要和二级预防癌症相关血栓形成。关于预防和治疗癌症相关血栓形成的抗凝治疗的开始、剂量和持续时间的决定具有挑战性，因为临床医生必须平衡患者的（复发性）血栓形成风险与出血并发症的风险。为此，已经提出了几种癌症患者静脉血栓栓塞的专用风险评估模型。然而，这些分数中的大多数表现不佳，并且受到限制，甚至没有得到验证。对于出血和动脉血栓形成，尚未专门针对癌症患者制定风险评分，治疗决策仍然基于临床格式塔以及对风险的粗略和非结构化估计。本综述的目的是总结（复发性）静脉血栓栓塞风险评估评分的特征和表现，并讨论癌症人群出血和动脉血栓形成风险评估的可用数据。该总结可以帮助临床医生在日常实践中在考虑使用癌症相关静脉血栓栓塞的风险评估模型时做出平衡的决定。未来的研究尝试应旨在改善癌症患者动脉血栓形成和抗凝剂相关出血的风险评估。本综述的目的是总结（复发性）静脉血栓栓塞风险评估评分的特征和表现，并讨论癌症人群出血和动脉血栓形成风险评估的可用数据。该总结可以帮助临床医生在日常实践中在考虑使用癌症相关静脉血栓栓塞的风险评估模型时做出平衡的决定。未来的研究尝试应旨在改善癌症患者动脉血栓形成和抗凝剂相关出血的风险评估。本综述的目的是总结（复发性）静脉血栓栓塞风险评估评分的特征和表现，并讨论癌症人群出血和动脉血栓形成风险评估的可用数据。该总结可以帮助临床医生在日常实践中在考虑使用癌症相关静脉血栓栓塞的风险评估模型时做出平衡的决定。未来的研究尝试应旨在改善癌症患者动脉血栓形成和抗凝剂相关出血的风险评估。该总结可以帮助临床医生在日常实践中在考虑使用癌症相关静脉血栓栓塞的风险评估模型时做出平衡的决定。未来的研究尝试应旨在改善癌症患者动脉血栓形成和抗凝剂相关出血的风险评估。该总结可以帮助临床医生在日常实践中在考虑使用癌症相关静脉血栓栓塞的风险评估模型时做出平衡的决定。未来的研究尝试应旨在改善癌症患者动脉血栓形成和抗凝剂相关出血的风险评估。