Coastal zones, which connect terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, are among the most resource-rich regions globally and home to nearly 40% of the global human population. Because human land-based activities can alter natural processes in ways that affect adjacent aquatic ecosystems, land-sea interactions are increasingly recognized as critical to coastal conservation planning and governance. However, the complex socioeconomic dynamics inherent in coastal and marine socioecological systems (SESs) have received little consideration. Drawing on knowledge generalized from long-term studies in Caribbean Nicaragua, we devised a conceptual framework that clarifies the multiple ways socioeconomically driven behavior can link the land and sea. In addition to other ecosystem effects, the framework illustrates how feedbacks resulting from changes to aquatic resources can influence terrestrial resource management decisions and land uses. We assessed the framework by applying it to empirical studies from a variety of coastal SESs. The results suggest its broad applicability and highlighted the paucity of research that explicitly investigates the effects of human behavior on coastal SES dynamics. We encourage researchers and policy makers to consider direct, indirect, and bidirectional cross-ecosystem links that move beyond traditionally recognized land-to-sea processes.

中文翻译：

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资源使用者作为沿海和海洋社会生态系统中的陆海联系

连接陆地和水生生态系统的沿海地区是全球资源最丰富的地区之一，拥有全球近 40% 的人口。由于人类陆上活动可以以影响相邻水生生态系统的方式改变自然过程，因此陆海相互作用越来越被认为对海岸保护规划和治理至关重要。然而，沿海和海洋社会生态系统 (SES) 中固有的复杂社会经济动态几乎没有得到考虑。利用从加勒比尼加拉瓜的长期研究中总结出的知识，我们设计了一个概念框架，阐明了社会经济驱动的行为可以将陆地和海洋联系起来的多种方式。除了其他生态系统影响外，该框架说明了水生资源变化所产生的反馈如何影响陆地资源管理决策和土地利用。我们通过将其应用于来自各种沿海 SES 的实证研究来评估该框架。结果表明它具有广泛的适用性，并强调了缺乏明确调查人类行为对沿海 SES 动态影响的研究。我们鼓励研究人员和政策制定者考虑超越传统公认的陆-海过程的直接、间接和双向跨生态系统链接。结果表明它具有广泛的适用性，并强调了缺乏明确调查人类行为对沿海 SES 动态影响的研究。我们鼓励研究人员和政策制定者考虑超越传统公认的陆-海过程的直接、间接和双向跨生态系统链接。结果表明它具有广泛的适用性，并强调了缺乏明确调查人类行为对沿海 SES 动态影响的研究。我们鼓励研究人员和政策制定者考虑超越传统公认的陆-海过程的直接、间接和双向跨生态系统链接。