Anthropogenic degradation of marine ecosystems is widely accepted as a major social-ecological problem. The growing urgency to manage marine ecosystems more effectively has led to increasing application of spatial management measures (marine protected areas [MPAs], sectoral [e.g. fishery] closures and marine spatial planning [marine plans]). Understanding the methodologies used to evaluate the effectiveness of these measures against social, economic, and ecological outcomes is key for designing effective monitoring and evaluation programmes. We used a pre-defined and tested search string focusing on intervention and outcome terms to search for relevant studies across four bibliographic databases, Google Scholar, 39 organisational websites, and one specialist data repository. Searches were conducted in English and restricted to the period 2009 to 2019 to align with current UK marine policy contexts. Relevant studies were restricted to UK-relevant coastal countries, as identified by key stakeholders. Search results were screened for relevance against pre-defined eligibility criteria first at title and abstract level, and then at full text. Articles assessed as not relevant at full text were recorded with reasons for exclusion. Two systematic map databases of meta-data and coded data from relevant primary and secondary studies, respectively, were produced. Over 19,500 search results were identified, resulting in 391 relevant primary articles, 33 secondary articles and 49 tertiary reviews. Relevant primary articles evaluated spatial management measures across a total of 22 social, economic and ecological outcomes; only 2.8% considered all three disciplines, with most focused exclusively on ecological (67.8%) or social (13.3%) evaluations. Secondary articles predominately focused on ecological evaluations (75.8%). The majority of the primary and secondary evidence base aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of MPAs (85.7% and 90.9% respectively), followed by fisheries closures (12.5%; 3.0%) with only 1.8% of primary, and 6.1% of secondary, articles focused on marine plans or on MPAs and fisheries closures combined. Most evaluations reported within primary articles were conducted for a single site (60.4%) or multiple individual sites (32.5%), with few evaluating networks of sites (6.9%). Secondary articles mostly evaluated multiple individual sites (93.9%). Most (70.3%) primary articles conducted principal evaluations, i.e. basic description of effects; 29.4% explored causation; and 0.3% undertook benefit evaluations. Secondary articles predominately explored causation (66.7%) with the remainder conducting principal evaluations. Australia (27.4%), the USA (18.4%) and the UK (11.3%) were most frequently studied by primary articles, with secondary articles reporting mostly global (66.7%) or European (18.2%) syntheses. The systematic map reveals substantial bodies of evidence relating to methods of evaluating MPAs against ecological outcomes. However, key knowledge gaps include evaluation across social and economic outcomes and of overall merit and/or worth (benefit evaluation), as well as of: marine plans; networks of sites; real-time, temporary or seasonal closures; spatial management within offshore waters, and lagoon or estuary environments. Although the evidence base has grown over the past two decades, information to develop comprehensive evaluation frameworks remains insufficient. Greater understanding on how to evaluate the effectiveness of spatial management measures is required to support improved management of global ocean resources and spaces.

中文翻译：

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英国和类似沿海水域监测和评估海洋空间管理措施的方法论证据的性质和范围：系统地图

海洋生态系统的人为退化被广泛认为是一个主要的社会生态问题。更有效地管理海洋生态系统的日益紧迫导致越来越多地应用空间管理措施（海洋保护区 [MPA]、部门 [例如渔业] 关闭和海洋空间规划 [海洋计划]）。了解用于评估这些措施对社会、经济和生态结果的有效性的方法是设计有效监测和评估计划的关键。我们使用了一个预先定义和测试的搜索字符串，专注于干预和结果术语，在四个书目数据库、谷歌学术、39 个组织网站和一个专家数据存储库中搜索相关研究。搜索以英语进行，仅限于 2009 年至 2019 年期间，以符合英国当前的海洋政策背景。相关研究仅限于主要利益相关者确定的与英国相关的沿海国家。首先在标题和摘要级别，然后在全文中根据预定义的资格标准筛选搜索结果的相关性。被评估为与全文不相关的文章会被记录在案，并附上排除的原因。分别生成了来自相关初级和次级研究的元数据和编码数据的两个系统地图数据库。确定了 19,500 多个搜索结果，产生了 391 篇相关的初级文章、33 篇二级文章和 49 篇三级评论。相关主要文章评估了总共 22 项社会、经济和生态成果的空间管理措施；只有 2。8% 的人考虑了所有三个学科，其中大多数只关注生态 (67.8%) 或社会 (13.3%) 评估。次要文章主要侧重于生态评价（75.8%）。大多数主要和次要证据库旨在评估 MPA 的有效性（分别为 85.7% 和 90.9%），其次是渔业关闭（12.5%；3.0%），只有 1.8% 的主要文章和 6.1% 的次要文章侧重于海洋计划或海洋保护区和渔业关闭相结合。主要文章中报告的大多数评估是针对单个站点 (60.4%) 或多个单独站点 (32.5%) 进行的，很少有站点评估网络 (6.9%)。次要文章主要评估多个单独站点（93.9%）。大多数（70.3%）主要文章进行了主要评价，即效果的基本描述；29. 4% 探索因果关系；0.3% 进行了效益评估。次要文章主要探讨因果关系 (66.7%)，其余文章进行主要评估。澳大利亚 (27.4%)、美国 (18.4%) 和英国 (11.3%) 最常被主要文章研究，次要文章主要报告全球 (66.7%) 或欧洲 (18.2%) 综合。系统地图揭示了与根据生态结果评估海洋保护区的方法相关的大量证据。然而，关键的知识差距包括对社会和经济成果以及整体价值和/或价值（效益评估）的评估，以及：海洋计划；站点网络；实时、临时或季节性关闭；近海水域、泻湖或河口环境中的空间管理。尽管过去 20 年证据基础有所增加，但用于制定综合评估框架的信息仍然不足。需要更深入地了解如何评估空间管理措施的有效性，以支持改进全球海洋资源和空间的管理。