Women attempt to quit smoking less often than men and are less likely to maintain abstinence. Reproductive hormones have been postulated as a reason for this sex difference, though this remains to be clarified. Research suggests that estradiol and progesterone may influence nicotine addiction, though various methodologies have led to inconsistent findings. The current study aimed to directly examine the effect of reproductive hormones on women’s smoking behavior. Over the course of one menstrual cycle, twenty-one female smokers recorded the number of cigarettes smoked in a day, as well as their perceived need for and enjoyment of cigarettes smoked. Additionally, they provided 12 urine samples for the measurement of the urinary metabolites of estradiol (estrone-3-glucuronide, E1G) and progesterone (pregnanediol glucuronide, PdG). Multilevel modeling was used to examine the effects of hormone levels as well as hormone change on smoking outcomes. When PdG levels were low, they were inversely associated with daily cigarettes smoked. Furthermore, E1G level was negatively associated with both self-reported need for and enjoyment of cigarettes smoked but not the number of cigarettes smoked. Examining the effect of hormonal change on smoking outcomes revealed a significant interaction between change in PdG and E1G on number of cigarettes smoked such that only a simultaneous drop or increase in both hormones was associated with a greater number of cigarettes. Hormonal change effects on need for and enjoyment of cigarettes were not significant. The present study suggests that (1) elevated progesterone levels lessen the propensity to smoke in women, (2) estrogen levels influence women’s subjective experience of smoking, and (3) simultaneous drops or increases in these hormones are associated with increased smoking.

中文翻译：

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生殖激素对女性整个月经周期日常吸烟的影响

女性尝试戒烟的频率低于男性，并且不太可能保持戒烟。生殖激素被认为是造成这种性别差异的原因，尽管这仍有待澄清。研究表明，雌二醇和黄体酮可能会影响尼古丁成瘾，尽管各种方法导致了不一致的发现。目前的研究旨在直接检查生殖激素对女性吸烟行为的影响。在一个月经周期的过程中，21 名女性吸烟者记录了一天吸烟的数量，以及她们对吸烟的感知需求和享受。此外，他们还提供了 12 个尿液样本，用于测量雌二醇（雌酮-3-葡萄糖醛酸苷，E1G）和孕酮（孕二醇葡萄糖苷酸，PdG）的尿液代谢物。多水平建模用于检查激素水平以及激素变化对吸烟结果的影响。当 PdG 水平较低时，它们与每日吸食香烟呈负相关。此外，E1G 水平与自我报告的吸烟需求和享受负相关，但与吸烟数量无关。检查荷尔蒙变化对吸烟结果的影响显示，PdG 和 E1G 的变化与吸烟数量之间存在显着的相互作用，因此只有两种激素同时下降或增加与更多数量的卷烟有关。荷尔蒙变化对香烟的需求和享受的影响并不显着。本研究表明 (1) 升高的孕酮水平降低了女性吸烟的倾向，