An efficient analysis of time-modulated array (TMA) toward realizing less-attenuating radiation patterns with simultaneously suppressed sidelobe and sidebands is presented in this paper. In this framework, an optimal outer element-controlled time sequence is derived. The proposed time scheme, along with optimized array excitations, is profitably applied for the desired solution. TMAs are considered unconventional alternatives to the phased arrays. The desired array radiation features can be attained by periodically enabling and disabling the array elements through high-speed switches. Despite the advantages of architectural simplicity and real-time reconfigurability of periodic time sequences, time-domain antenna arrays inherently generate unavoidable sideband radiations (SRs). The undesired SRs obtained at multiple harmonics around the carrier frequency of the array resembles power loss in unintended directions. This paper aims to minimize the SRs as well as the sidelobe level (SLL) for an efficient analysis of time-modulated linear array (TMLA) with high-directive radiation patterns. The starting instants and the period of on-times are optimized to generate a unique shifted time scheme for the edge elements of the TMLA to reduce the sideband levels (SBLs). The array excitations and the uniform spacing between the elements are also optimized together with the shifted time scheme for the coveted solution. Other methods of suppressing SLLs and SBLs with shifted pulse schemes and sub-sectioned pulse schemes are also presented for a fair comparison. Modified versions of the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) are applied for the desired solutions. The optimal results attained by wavelet mutation-based novel PSO is compared with the conventional PSO and the modified novel PSO-based results. The representative results are reported, and the superior performance abilities of the proposed method compared to other published studies are assessed.

本文介绍了对时间调制阵列 (TMA) 的有效分析，以实现同时抑制旁瓣和边带的衰减较小的辐射方向图。在这个框架中，一个最优的外部元素控制的时间序列被推导出来。所提出的时间方案，连同优化的阵列激励，可有利地应用于所需的解决方案。TMA 被认为是相控阵的非常规替代品。通过高速开关周期性地启用和禁用阵列元件，可以获得所需的阵列辐射特征。尽管具有结构简单和周期性时序的实时可重构性的优点，但时域天线阵列固有地会产生不可避免的边带辐射 (SR)。在阵列载波频率周围的多个谐波处获得的不想要的 SR 类似于非预期方向的功率损耗。本文旨在最小化 SR 和旁瓣电平 (SLL)，以便对具有高方向性辐射方向图的时间调制线性阵列 (TMLA) 进行有效分析。开始时刻和导通时间周期经过优化，可为 TMLA 的边缘元件生成独特的移位时间方案，以降低边带电平 (SBL)。阵列激发和元素之间的均匀间距也与令人垂涎的解决方案的移位时间方案一起进行了优化。为了公平比较，还提出了用移位脉冲方案和分段脉冲方案抑制 SLL 和 SBL 的其他方法。粒子群优化算法 (PSO) 的修改版本适用于所需的解决方案。将基于小波突变的新型 PSO 与传统 PSO 和基于改进的新型 PSO 的结果进行了比较。报告了具有代表性的结果，并评估了所提出的方法与其他已发表的研究相比的优越性能。