The increasing presence of solar energy sources has radically transformed the continental electrical network. While solar panels affect the grid in a distributed manner, and an individual device has negligible weight, the presence of a large population engaged in energy production can affect the overall network dynamics. While this effect might in some scenarios be disruptive, solar panels can offer the potential for frequency regulation, if their power output is to be controlled. In this work, we present models for the aggregation of a heterogeneous population of solar panels connected to the electrical grid. The electrical network frequency is modeled centrally: the model accounts for primary frequency control, and its inertia is a function of the penetration of PV generation. We study how features of the PV population affect the overall frequency signal. In particular, we investigate scenarios of power production (infeed) incidents: we simulate sudden generation losses and study the corresponding frequency response at varying levels of renewable penetration. Simulations show good performance of the aggregated models when compared with the physical system and quantitatively indicate that population heterogeneity is a desirable feature to avoid load shedding. We furthermore put forward a control architecture to regulate the power generation of the PV population: this intentionally simple architecture is aligned with primary control and is tailored to a decentralized implementation. We show that the control scheme can avoid load shedding, despite increasing penetration of solar generation, thus contributing to network resilience.

中文翻译：

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电网频率上异质太阳能电池板的聚合和控制


太阳能资源的不断增加从根本上改变了大陆电网。虽然太阳能电池板以分布式方式影响电网，并且单个设备的重量可以忽略不计，但大量从事能源生产的人口的存在可能会影响整个网络的动态。虽然这种效应在某些情况下可能具有破坏性，但如果要控制太阳能电池板的功率输出，则可以提供频率调节的潜力。在这项工作中，我们提出了连接到电网的异构太阳能电池板群体的聚合模型。电网频率集中建模：该模型考虑初级频率控制，其惯性是光伏发电渗透率的函数。我们研究 PV 群体的特征如何影响整体频率信号。特别是，我们研究了电力生产（馈电）事件的场景：我们模拟突然的发电损失并研究不同可再生能源渗透水平下的相应频率响应。仿真显示与物理系统相比，聚合模型具有良好的性能，并定量表明群体异质性是避免减载的理想特征。我们还提出了一种控制架构来调节光伏发电群体的发电量：这种故意简单的架构与主要控制保持一致，并针对分散式实施进行了定制。我们表明，尽管太阳能发电的普及率不断提高，但该控制方案可以避免负载脱落，从而有助于网络弹性。