A developing small-scale reactor was examined using the principles of thermal engineering design. The thermodynamic state of the system, psychrometry, and gas dynamics of the moist gas were considered in order to evaluate the quality of the end use. The performance of the reactor was defined in terms of the upgraded fuel and the design parameters of the reactor. A ring-die was used to pelletize a milled form of black pinecones. Commercial wood pellets (hog fuel) and raw pinecones were analyzed alongside processed pinecones for comparison. A morphological analysis of the processed feedstock was carried out using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) equipped with an Everhart–Thornley detector (ETD) and an energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS). Compared with wood and with raw pinecones, the relative yield of char derived from the processed pinecones increased by 109% and 198%, respectively. On the other hand, the oil yield from processed pine was 65% lower than from raw pinecones, and the oil yield was 57% lower than that from hog fuel. The gas equations for the producer gas derived from processed pinecones pellets, raw pinecones, and the wood pellets in the reactor are PV ^–0.013 = C, PV ^–0.024 = C and PV ^–0.020 = C, respectively. The dew point temperature of producer gas (processed pinecones) was found to have been reduced by 2–4%. The effect of sphericity on the processed pellets increased the pressure drop across the packed bed. © 2021 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

中文翻译：

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小型生物燃料颗粒反应器的实验研究

使用热工程设计原理检查了正在开发的小型反应堆。考虑了系统的热力学状态、湿度测定法和潮湿气体的气体动力学，以评估最终使用的质量。反应堆的性能是根据升级后的燃料和反应堆的设计参数来定义的。使用环模将研磨形式的黑色松果造粒。商业木屑颗粒（生猪燃料）和生松果与加工松果一起进行分析以进行比较。使用配备有 Everhart-Thornley 检测器 (ETD) 和能谱仪 (EDS) 的场发射扫描电子显微镜 (FESEM) 对加工后的原料进行形态分析。与木材和生松果相比，来自加工松果的炭的相对产量分别增加了 109% 和 198%。另一方面，加工松果的出油率比生松果低 65%，出油率比生猪燃料低 57%。来自反应器中加工松果颗粒、生松果和木颗粒的发生炉气的气体方程为PV ^-0.013 = Ç，PV ^-0.024 = Ç和PV ^-0.020 = Ç分别。发现发生炉气（加工松果）的露点温度降低了 2-4%。球形度对加工颗粒的影响增加了整个填充床的压降。© 2021 作者。工业化学协会和 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 出版的Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining