Different categories of social calls may be used in a variety of behavioral contexts and may have different functions. Here, we show that Great Himalayan leaf-nosed bats emit two types of calls: bent upward frequency modulated (bUFM) calls emitted during agonistic interactions between two bats that have perched close to each other and stepped upward frequency modulated (sUFM) calls emitted by a roosting individual when a free-flying bat approached. There were significant differences in acoustic parameters between bUFM calls and sUFM calls. Moreover, we tested different choices of Hipposideros armiger to playback of bUFM calls and sUFM calls. The bats avoided the location of bUFM call playbacks independent of the simultaneous playback of echolocation pulses, silence, or sUFM calls. The bats also avoided approaching the side of the flight room where sUFM calls were broadcast when also presented with playbacks of echolocation pulses, but not when simultaneously presented with silence. The results suggest that bUFM calls may serve the function of territorial defense, while sUFM calls may convey warning information. Our results, therefore, imply that the two types of calls have different functions depending on behavioral context. These differences in function suggest that bats can detect context-dependent modifications of acoustic cues across the two types of social calls.

中文翻译：

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调频呼叫参数的微小修改是大喜马拉雅叶鼻蝙蝠行为反应转变的基础，Hipposideros armiger

不同类别的社交呼叫可用于各种行为环境，并可能具有不同的功能。在这里，我们展示了大喜马拉雅叶鼻蝙蝠发出两种类型的呼叫：在两只彼此靠近的蝙蝠之间的激动相互作用期间发出的向上弯曲频率调制 (bUFM) 呼叫和由当一只自由飞行的蝙蝠靠近时栖息的个体。bUFM 调用和 sUFM 调用之间的声学​​参数存在显着差异。此外，我们测试了 Hipposideros armiger 的不同选择来播放 bUFM 呼叫和 sUFM 呼叫。蝙蝠避免了 bUFM 呼叫回放的位置，而与回声定位脉冲、静音或 sUFM 呼叫的同时回放无关。蝙蝠也避免接近飞行室的一侧，在播放 sUFM 呼叫时，它们也播放回声定位脉冲，但在同时出现静音时不会。结果表明，bUFM 呼叫可能起到领土防御的作用，而 sUFM 呼叫可能传达警告信息。因此，我们的结果表明，这两种类型的调用根据行为上下文具有不同的功能。这些功能差异表明，蝙蝠可以在两种类型的社交呼叫中检测到与上下文相关的声学线索修改。而 sUFM 呼叫可能会传达警告信息。因此，我们的结果表明，这两种类型的调用根据行为上下文具有不同的功能。这些功能差异表明，蝙蝠可以在两种类型的社交呼叫中检测到与上下文相关的声学线索修改。而 sUFM 呼叫可能会传达警告信息。因此，我们的结果表明，这两种类型的调用根据行为上下文具有不同的功能。这些功能差异表明，蝙蝠可以在两种类型的社交呼叫中检测到与上下文相关的声学线索修改。