Urbanization is rapidly growing worldwide, yet we still do not fully understand how it affects many organisms. This may be especially true for wild bees that require specific nesting and floral resources and have been threatened by habitat loss. Our study explores the response of wild bee communities to an urbanization gradient in the Chicagoland region of Illinois. Specifically, we explored how both landscape scale impervious surface and local floral diversity across an urbanization gradient influenced 1) the composition of local bee communities, 2) the richness of native and non-native bees, and 3) the composition of bee functional traits. Over the course of our study, we documented 2,331 bees belonging to 83 different species, 13 of which were not native to North America. We found that impervious surface influenced the overall composition of bee communities. In particular, highly urban areas were composed of more non-native bee species and fewer native bee species. Additionally, bee richness and native bee richness responded positively to floral resources. Bee functional trait responses were variable, with floral diverse sites supporting greater richness of ground nesting, eusocial, and generalist bees regardless of landscape-level impervious surface. Importantly, our study provides evidence that urban areas can support diverse bee communities, but urban and suburban bee communities do differ in composition. Thus, bee conservation efforts in urban areas should focus on creating floral diverse habitats to help support more bee species, specifically native bee species, while also considering which bees are best supported by these conservation efforts.

中文翻译：

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芝加哥蜜蜂：城市地区支持多样化的蜜蜂社区，但与郊区相比，非本地蜜蜂种类更多

城市化在全球范围内迅速发展，但我们仍然不完全了解它如何影响许多生物。对于需要特定筑巢和花卉资源并受到栖息地丧失威胁的野生蜜蜂来说，这可能尤其如此。我们的研究探讨了野蜂群落对伊利诺伊州芝加哥地区城市化梯度的反应。具体来说，我们探讨了跨城市化梯度的景观尺度不透水表面和当地花卉多样性如何影响 1）当地蜜蜂群落的组成，2）本地和非本地蜜蜂的丰富性，以及 3）蜜蜂功能性状的组成。在我们的研究过程中，我们记录了属于 83 个不同物种的 2,331 只蜜蜂，其中 13 只并非原产于北美。我们发现不透水表面影响了蜜蜂群落的整体组成。特别是，高度城市化的地区由更多的非本地蜜蜂物种和更少的本地蜜蜂物种组成。此外，蜜蜂丰富度和本地蜜蜂丰富度对花卉资源有积极反应。蜜蜂的功能性状反应是多变的，无论景观水平的不透水表面如何，花卉多样化的地点都支持更丰富的地面筑巢、真社会和通才蜜蜂。重要的是，我们的研究提供了证据表明城市地区可以支持多样化的蜜蜂群落，但城市和郊区的蜜蜂群落的组成确实不同。因此，城市地区的蜜蜂保护工作应侧重于创造多样化的花卉栖息地，以帮助支持更多的蜜蜂物种，特别是本地蜜蜂物种，