Abstract Through altering the ambient environment of the iron conductor with respect to the copper conductor of an iron-copper thermocouple, the output emf of the thermocouple was reduced by a factor of almost two. This reduction was apparently a result of a Benedicks emf. Such a Benedicks emf was produced here in a continuous iron conductor. The Benedicks emf produced was about half the expected Seebeck emf from the copper-iron couple. The source of the Benedicks emf can be explained as a Seebeck charge separation produced by the effect of ambient radiation in one conductor of the thermocouple, while the effect of ambient radiation was deliberately removed in the other part of the conductor. The effect of ambient radiation was removed by matching the surface temperature gradient of the second part of the conductor point for point with an external (or ambient) temperature gradient. The conclusions of this research contradict the assumption made by William Thomson [1] that the ambient surroundings have no effect on thermocouple behavior. This assumption, which was made almost two hundred years ago, has never been experimentally refuted. The idea of using such a temperature match arose from a lesson learned from observations of directly measured Thomson coefficients by Jacovelli et al. [2]

中文翻译：

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重新审视热电偶：Benedicks 和 Seebeck 效应

摘要 通过相对于铁铜热电偶的铜导体改变铁导体的周围环境，热电偶的输出电动势几乎降低了两倍。这种减少显然是 Benedicks 电动势的结果。这种 Benedicks 电动势是在连续的铁导体中产生的。产生的 Benedicks 电动势大约是铜铁电偶预期的塞贝克电动势的一半。Benedicks 电动势的来源可以解释为在热电偶的一个导体中环境辐射的影响产生的塞贝克电荷分离，而在导体的另一部分故意消除环境辐射的影响。通过将导体的第二部分的表面温度梯度逐点与外部（或环境）温度梯度相匹配，可以消除环境辐射的影响。这项研究的结论与 William Thomson [1] 的假设相矛盾，即周围环境对热电偶行为没有影响。这个假设在近 200 年前做出，从未被实验反驳。使用这种温度匹配的想法源于 Jacovelli 等人从直接测量的汤姆森系数的观察中吸取的教训。[2] 这是近 200 年前制造的，从未被实验反驳。使用这种温度匹配的想法源于 Jacovelli 等人从直接测量的汤姆森系数的观察中吸取的教训。[2] 这是近 200 年前制造的，从未被实验反驳。使用这种温度匹配的想法源于 Jacovelli 等人从直接测量的汤姆森系数的观察中吸取的教训。[2]