Purpose of Review

This review traces amnesia’s history from its earliest eighteenth century classification as a medical disorder to the present. Sophisticated depictions in the nineteenth century literature containing elaborate compilations of causal factors, including neurologic, consider pathogenesis, course, duration, durability, and temporal features.

Recent Findings

Severe amnesia, especially anterograde involving new learning, found archetypal expression in the twentieth century, in the case of H.M. The “pure” amnesia confirmed an independent memory disorder distinct from other cognitive disturbances, with functional dissociations illustrating nuanced manifestations and highlighting the role of some discovered structural correlates (e.g., hippocampal and associated MTL regions). Moreover, neural networks and interconnections have also notably been implicated.

Summary

Although concepts of illness change across cultures and centuries, portrayal of amnesia remained consistent as it spread internationally. Amnesia’s groundbreaking original nosology laid a foundation for contemporary paradigms of the multifactorial nature, specificity, and complexity of a poignantly thought-provoking disorder.

中文翻译：

---

健忘症的历史——回顾

审查目的

这篇综述追溯了健忘症的历史，从其最早的 18 世纪归类为医学疾病到现在。19 世纪文献中的复杂描述包含对包括神经系统在内的因果因素的精心汇编，考虑了发病机制、病程、持续时间、持久性和时间特征。

最近的发现

严重的健忘症，尤其是涉及新学习的顺行性健忘症，在 20 世纪发现了典型的表达，在 HM 的情况下“纯”健忘症证实了一种与其他认知障碍不同的独立记忆障碍，功能分离说明了细微的表现，并突出了一些发现了结构相关性（例如，海马和相关的 MTL 区域）。此外，神经网络和互连也明显受到牵连。

概括

尽管疾病的概念会随着文化和世纪而变化，但对健忘症的描述随着它在国际上的传播而保持一致。Amnesia 开创性的原始疾病分类学为当代关于多因素性质、特异性和复杂性的范式奠定了基础，这种范式发人深省。