Purpose of Review

Evolutionary hypotheses on the ratio of males to females at birth posit that women terminate pregnancies with low likelihood of surviving and producing grandchildren. Thus, females are preferred to males under unfavorable conditions. Much of this literature has focused on catastrophic disruptions that induce maternal stress and result in fewer males. Diabetes may similarly affect the sex ratio.

Recent Findings

A male bias at birth among infants born to women with GDM is widely recognized; mild hyperglycemia experienced early in pregnancy may signal favorable conditions and warrant investment in males. There are sparse data on women with pregestational diabetes, but some evidence for a female bias born to those with type 1 diabetes and severe hyperglycemia (i.e., requiring insulin). Disease-related maternal stress in these women may lead to the selective termination of male fetuses.

Summary

Further examination of pregestational diabetes stands to contribute to scientific understanding of the sex ratio.

中文翻译：

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孕产妇糖尿病和婴儿性别比

审查目的

关于出生时男女比例的进化假设假设女性在终止妊娠时存活和生育孙子的可能性较低。因此，在不利的条件下，女性比男性更受欢迎。这些文献中的大部分都集中在引起母体压力并导致男性减少的灾难性破坏上。糖尿病可能同样会影响性别比例。

最近的发现

GDM 女性所生的婴儿在出生时存在男性偏见已得到广泛认可；怀孕早期经历的轻度高血糖可能预示着有利的条件并值得对男性进行投资。关于孕前糖尿病女性的数据很少，但一些证据表明，1 型糖尿病和严重高血糖症（即需要胰岛素）的女性会产生女性偏见。这些女性与疾病相关的母体压力可能导致男性胎儿的选择性终止。

概括

进一步检查孕前糖尿病有助于科学理解性别比例。