Shrimp black gill is an emerging disease caused by a parasitic ciliate, Hyalophysa lynni, that attacks gill tissue in white shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus and brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus aztecus and induces an immune response that produces melanized tissue in shrimp gills. This immune response causes necrosis and damage in shrimp gill tissue, which limits shrimp metabolic capability and can lead to high predation mortality among infected individuals. Shrimp black gill was first observed in the southeast Atlantic shrimp fishery in the United States, and this ciliate has been increasing in prevalence in shrimp populations of this region since 2000. The Gulf of Mexico, with its lucrative shrimp fishery and extended warmwater conditions during the year, is a potential region for H. lynni spread. White and brown shrimp were sampled from seven major bays along the Gulf coast of Texas from March to November 2019 and underwent PCR analysis to detect H. lynni presence in gill tissue. From March to November, 65% of the collected shrimp samples tested positive for H. lynni. Samples from all seven bays tested positive for H. lynni, with the upper-coast bays having a significantly higher disease prevalence than lower-coast bays. Both white and brown shrimp samples tested positive for H. lynni; however, white shrimp samples had a significantly higher disease prevalence. Overall, disease prevalence showed a temporal pattern of low prevalence in the spring, peaking during the late fall. Generalized additive mixed models detected a high water temperature and a salinity level of 30‰ or less as significant contributors to high disease prevalence. This study validates the commonality of H. lynni presence in the western Gulf of Mexico, serves as a baseline for future shrimp black gill sampling efforts in this region, and contributes to the understanding and management of potential disease threats to the Texas shrimp fishery.

中文翻译：

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德克萨斯州墨西哥湾沿岸白虾 Litopenaeus setiferus 和褐虾 Farfantepenaeus aztecus 中黑鳃 (Hyalophysa lynni) 的流行

虾黑鳃是一种由寄生纤毛虫Hyalophysa lynni引起的新出现的疾病，它攻击白虾Litopenaeus setiferus和褐虾Farfantepenaeus aztecus 的鳃组织并诱导免疫反应，在虾鳃中产生黑色素组织。这种免疫反应会导致虾鳃组织坏死和损伤，从而限制虾的代谢能力，并可能导致受感染个体的高捕食死亡率。黑鳃虾首先在美国东南大西洋捕虾业中观察到，自 2000 年以来，这种纤毛虫在该地区虾种群中的流行率一直在增加。年，是H. lynni传播的潜在区域。2019 年 3 月至 11 月，从德克萨斯州墨西哥湾沿岸的七个主要海湾采集了白虾和褐虾，并进行 PCR 分析以检测H. lynni鳃组织中的存在。从 3 月到 11 月，收集的虾样本中有 65% 的H. lynni检测呈阳性。来自所有七个海湾的样本检测出H. lynni呈阳性，上海岸海湾的疾病流行率明显高于下海岸海湾。白虾和褐虾样本的H. lynni检测呈阳性；然而，白虾样本的患病率明显更高。总体而言，疾病流行在春季表现出低流行的时间模式，在晚秋达到高峰。广义加性混合模型检测到高水温和 30‰ 或更低的盐度水平是高疾病流行的重要因素。本研究验证了H. lynni的共性 在墨西哥湾西部的存在，作为该地区未来对虾黑鳃取样工作的基线，并有助于了解和管理德克萨斯州对虾渔业的潜在疾病威胁。