For the first time, ball-milling was introduced as an efficient process for the condensation of biomass-derived cyclopentanone using commercial CaO as a catalyst. Compared with traditional magnetic stirring methods (“heat input” methods), ball-milling is an alternative “energy input” method. CaO dosage, rotation speed, and reaction time were investigated for optimal condition screening, and the ball-milling method could achieve a high yield (98.9%) and a high selectivity (99.2%) under lower energy demand conditions at mild temperature (∼40 °C). Moreover, the power hypothetically needed for dimer per mole (E₂) of the ball-milling method was comparable or even lower than that for the magnetic stirring method after our assessment. In addition, we also explored the applicability of the ball-milling method for the condensation of other biomass-derived aldehydes and ketones. Competitive yield was obtained using heterogeneous CaO as a catalyst. Due to the intense stirring in ball-milling, the CaO catalyst was mixed uniformly with reactants, and higher surface area was also obtained due to the decrease of the particle size during the ball-milling method, which may also benefit the reaction and increase the catalytic activity. This way would tally with the concept of green chemistry and economic efficiency, which has the potential for industrial applications.

中文翻译：

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球磨：一种在温和温度下冷凝生物质醛和酮的高效、经济且广泛适用的方法

球磨首次被引入作为使用商业 CaO 作为催化剂缩合生物质衍生的环戊酮的有效工艺。与传统的磁力搅拌方法（“热量输入”方法）相比，球磨是一种替代的“能量输入”方法。研究了 CaO 用量、转速和反应时间以筛选最佳条件，球磨法在温和温度（~40 ℃）。此外，每摩尔二聚体假设所需的功率 ( E ₂经过我们的评估，球磨方法的 ) 与磁力搅拌方法相当甚至更低。此外，我们还探讨了球磨法在其他生物质衍生的醛和酮缩合中的适用性。使用非均相 CaO 作为催化剂获得了具有竞争力的收率。由于球磨过程中剧烈搅拌，CaO催化剂与反应物混合均匀，球磨过程中由于粒径的减小也获得了更高的表面积，这也可能有利于反应，增加反应物催化活性。这种方式符合绿色化学和经济效率的概念，具有工业应用的潜力。