Abstract Non-manipulable factors, such as gender or race have posed conceptual and practical challenges to causal analysts. On the one hand these factors do have consequences, and on the other hand, they do not fit into the experimentalist conception of causation. This paper addresses this challenge in the context of public debates over the health cost of obesity, and offers a new perspective, based on the theory of Structural Causal Models (SCM).

中文翻译：

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肥胖会缩短寿命吗？还是苏打水？关于不可操纵的原因

摘要 不可操纵的因素，如性别或种族，给因果分析人员带来了概念和实践上的挑战。一方面，这些因素确实有后果，另一方面，它们不符合实验主义的因果关系概念。本文在关于肥胖的健康成本的公开辩论的背景下解决了这一挑战，并基于结构因果模型 (SCM) 的理论提供了一个新的视角。