Abstract The E-value is defined as the minimum strength of association on the risk ratio scale that an unmeasured confounder would have to have with both the exposure and the outcome, conditional on the measured covariates, to explain away the observed exposure-outcome association. We have elsewhere proposed that the reporting of E-values for estimates and for the limit of the confidence interval closest to the null become routine whenever causal effects are of interest. A number of questions have arisen about the use of E-value including questions concerning the interpretation of the relevant confounding association parameters, the nature of the transformation from the risk ratio scale to the E-value scale, inference for and using E-values, and the relation to Rosenbaum’s notion of design sensitivity. Here we bring these various questions together and provide responses that we hope will assist in the interpretation of E-values and will further encourage their use.

中文翻译：

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使用 E 值的技术考虑

摘要 E 值被定义为风险比率量表上的最小关联强度，未测量的混杂因素必须与暴露和结果同时具有，以测量的协变量为条件，以解释观察到的暴露-结果关联。我们在其他地方提出，只要对因果效应感兴趣，就可以报告估计值和最接近零值的置信区间极限的 E 值。关于 E 值的使用出现了许多问题，包括有关相关混杂关联参数的解释、从风险比率量表到 E 值量表的转换性质、对 E 值的推断和使用的问题，以及与 Rosenbaum 的设计敏感性概念的关系。