On September 26, 1940 Zygmunt Turkow, a Yiddish-speaking Polish actor and theater director, arrived in Argentina, escaping the war in Europe. Upon his arrival, Turkow tried his luck at establishing a new life for himself in Buenos Aires, which he knew because his theatre work had brought him there previously. But it was hard for him to focus on the arts. Local Jews worried about the situation in their “old countries,” meaning that they barely had the time to think about producing and attending theater performances.2 Turkow soon left for Brazil, living there for twelve years. In Recife, Turkow and his wife spent sleepless nights listening to BBC news reports filled with words such as “ghettos,” “camps,” and “crematoriums.” The war in Europe had a tremendous effect on Turkow`s psyche: he had nightmares, and his days were filled with pain and “thoughts of German cannibalism.”3 The actor feared that Brazil might not be a safe refuge and that the Nazis could reach him from across the ocean. These fears were not unfounded. During the war, German submarines sank numerous Brazilian merchant ships, and thwarted Brazilian ship navigations systems.4 When invited to perform in Rio de Janeiro, Turkow had to travel by boat. Although the Brazilian navy provided an escort, the sense of danger remained ever-present.5

中文翻译：

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我们希望找到摆脱困境的出路：波兰犹太难民和逃离纳粹欧洲到拉丁美洲

1940 年 9 月 26 日，讲意第绪语​​的波兰演员兼戏剧导演齐格蒙特·图尔科夫（Zygmunt Turkow）抵达阿根廷，逃离欧洲的战争。抵达布宜诺斯艾利斯后，图尔科夫碰碰运气在布宜诺斯艾利斯建立了自己的新生活，他之所以知道这一点，是因为他之前的戏剧工作已经把他带到了那里。但他很难专注于艺术。当地犹太人担心他们“旧国家”的情况，这意味着他们几乎没有时间考虑制作和参加戏剧表演。2 Turkow 很快离开了巴西，在那里生活了 12 年。在累西腓，图尔科夫和他的妻子彻夜难眠，听 BBC 新闻报道中充斥着诸如“贫民窟”、“营地”和“火葬场”之类的词。欧洲战争对图尔科夫的心理产生了巨大影响：他做恶梦，他的日子充满了痛苦和“德国人自相残杀的想法”。3 这位演员担心巴西可能不是一个安全的避难所，纳粹可能会从大洋彼岸找到他。这些担忧并非没有根据。在战争期间，德国潜艇击沉了大量巴西商船，并挫败了巴西船舶导航系统。4 受邀在里约热内卢演出时，图尔科夫不得不乘船旅行。尽管巴西海军提供了护航，但危险感始终存在。 5 Turkow 不得不乘船旅行。尽管巴西海军提供了护航，但危险感始终存在。 5 Turkow 不得不乘船旅行。尽管巴西海军提供了护航，但危险感始终存在。 5