Abstract Context To understand the ecological consequences of predator management, reliable and accurate methods are needed to survey and detect predators and the species with which they interact. Recently, poison baits have been developed specifically for lethal and broad-scale control of feral cats in Australia. However, the potential non-target effects of these baits on other predators, including native apex predators (dingoes), and, in turn, cascading effects on lower trophic levels (large herbivores), are poorly understood. Aims We examined the effect that variation in camera trapping-survey design has on detecting dingoes, feral cats and macropodids, and how different habitat types affect species occurrences. We then examined how a feral cat poison baiting event influences the occupancy of these sympatric species. Methods We deployed 80 remotely triggered camera traps over the 2410-km2 Matuwa Indigenous Protected Area, in the semiarid rangelands of Western Australia, and used single-season site-occupancy models to calculate detection probabilities and occupancy for our target species before and after baiting. Key results Cameras placed on roads were ∼60 times more likely to detect dingoes and feral cats than were off-road cameras, whereas audio lures designed to attract feral cats had only a slight positive effect on detection for all target species. Habitat was a significant factor affecting the occupancy of dingoes and macropodids, but not feral cats, with both species being positively associated with open woodlands. Poison baiting to control feral cats did not significantly reduce their occupancy but did so for dingoes, whereas macropodid occupancy increased following baiting and reduced dingo occupancy. Conclusions Camera traps on roads greatly increase the detection probabilities for predators, whereas audio lures appear to add little or no value to increasing detection for any of the species we targeted. Poison baiting of an invasive mesopredator appeared to negatively affect a non-target, native apex predator, and, in turn, may have resulted in increased activity of large herbivores. Implications Management and monitoring of predators must pay careful attention to survey design, and lethal control of invasive mesopredators should be approached cautiously so as to avoid potential unintended negative ecological consequences (apex-predator suppression and herbivore release).

中文翻译：

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在正确的轨道上：在道路上放置相机陷阱可以提高对捕食者的检测并显示野猫诱饵的非目标影响

摘要背景要了解捕食者管理的生态后果，需要可靠和准确的方法来调查和检测捕食者及其相互作用的物种。最近，专门为澳大利亚的野猫的致命和大规模控制而开发的毒饵。然而，这些诱饵对其他捕食者的潜在非目标影响，包括本地顶级捕食者（野狗），以及反过来对较低营养水平（大型食草动物）的级联影响，我们知之甚少。目标我们研究了相机诱捕调查设计的变化对检测野狗、野猫和巨足类动物的影响，以及不同栖息地类型如何影响物种出现。然后我们研究了野猫毒饵事件如何影响这些同域物种的占有率。方法 我们在西澳大利亚半干旱牧场的 2410 平方公里的马图瓦土著保护区部署了 80 个远程触发的相机陷阱，并使用单季节场地占用模型计算诱饵前后目标物种的检测概率和占用率。主要结果 放置在道路上的摄像头检测到野狗和野猫的可能性是越野摄像头的 60 倍，而旨在吸引野猫的音频诱饵对所有目标物种的检测只有轻微的积极影响。栖息地是影响野狗和巨脚类动物居住的重要因素，但不是野猫，这两种物种都与开阔的林地呈正相关。用毒饵来控制野猫并没有显着减少它们的入住率，但对野狗来说却是这样，而巨脚类动物的占有率在诱饵后增加并减少了野狗的占有率。结论 道路上的相机陷阱大大增加了捕食者的检测概率，而音频诱饵似乎对增加我们瞄准的任何物种的检测几乎没有价值。侵入性中掠食性动物的毒饵似乎对非目标的本地顶级捕食者产生了负面影响，反过来，可能导致大型食草动物的活动增加。影响 捕食者的管理和监测必须特别注意调查设计，应谨慎对待入侵中食肉动物的致命控制，以避免潜在的意外负面生态后果（顶级捕食者抑制和食草动物释放）。结论 道路上的相机陷阱大大增加了捕食者的检测概率，而音频诱饵似乎对增加我们瞄准的任何物种的检测几乎没有价值。侵入性中掠食性动物的毒饵似乎对非目标的本地顶级捕食者产生了负面影响，反过来，可能导致大型食草动物的活动增加。影响 捕食者的管理和监测必须特别注意调查设计，应谨慎对待入侵中食肉动物的致命控制，以避免潜在的意外负面生态后果（顶级捕食者抑制和食草动物释放）。结论 道路上的相机陷阱大大增加了捕食者的检测概率，而音频诱饵似乎对增加我们瞄准的任何物种的检测几乎没有价值。侵入性中掠食性动物的毒饵似乎对非目标的本地顶级捕食者产生了负面影响，反过来，可能导致大型食草动物的活动增加。影响 捕食者的管理和监测必须特别注意调查设计，应谨慎对待入侵中食肉动物的致命控制，以避免潜在的意外负面生态后果（顶级捕食者抑制和食草动物释放）。侵入性中掠食性动物的毒饵似乎对非目标的本地顶级捕食者产生了负面影响，反过来，可能导致大型食草动物的活动增加。影响 捕食者的管理和监测必须特别注意调查设计，应谨慎对待入侵中食肉动物的致命控制，以避免潜在的意外负面生态后果（顶级捕食者抑制和食草动物释放）。侵入性中掠食性动物的毒饵似乎对非目标的本地顶级捕食者产生了负面影响，反过来，可能导致大型食草动物的活动增加。影响 捕食者的管理和监测必须特别注意调查设计，应谨慎对待入侵中食肉动物的致命控制，以避免潜在的意外负面生态后果（顶级捕食者抑制和食草动物释放）。