Abstract Context. Funding for habitat-management programs to maintain population viability is critical for conservation of migratory species; however, such financial resources are limited and can vary greatly over time. The Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of North America is an excellent system for examining spatiotemporal patterns of funding for waterfowl conservation, because this transboundary region is crucial for reproduction and migration of many duck species. Aims. We examine large-scale spatiotemporal variation in funding for waterfowl habitat conservation in the PPR during 2007–2016. Specifically, we quantify major sources of funding and how funds were directed towards particular geographies within Canada and the USA. We further examine how sources and magnitude of funding changed over time and in relation to numbers of hunters. Methods. We assembled data from multiple sources to quantify funding (in US$, 2016 values) from (1) USA states and non-government organisations (NGOs), (2) Canadian government and NGOs, and (3) major USA-based federal funding sources to the Canadian and US portions of the PPR between 2007 and 2016. We fit linear regressions to examine spatiotemporal variation in funding and in numbers of active waterfowl hunters in the USA. Key results. Whereas annual funding for the Canadian portion was comparatively stable throughout the 10 years (range: US$25–41 million), funding for the US portion was dynamic and increased between the first (range: US$36–48 million) and second (range: US$43–117 million) 5-year intervals, despite concurrent declines in the number of active waterfowl hunters in the USA. Conclusions. We discovered contrasting trends and dynamics in multiple streams of funding for habitat conservation on each side of the border bisecting the PPR. These findings and approaches warrant closer attention by wildlife professionals. Work is needed to analyse past and future funding for habitat conservation, which can then be used to refine plans for maintaining or recovering populations of migratory species. Implications. Although funding for waterfowl habitat conservation in the PPR increased over the past decade, trends were inconsistent among subregions and uncertain for some major funding sources. Better understanding of the complexities in funding will help inform more efficient long-term planning efforts for conservation of waterfowl and other migratory species.

中文翻译：

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北美草原坑洼地区水禽保护国际资金的来源和动态

摘要上下文。为维持种群生存能力的栖息地管理计划提供资金对于保护迁徙物种至关重要；然而，这种财政资源是有限的，而且随着时间的推移可能会有很大差异。北美的草原坑洼地区 (PPR) 是检查水禽保护资金时空模式的绝佳系统，因为这个跨界地区对于许多鸭类物种的繁殖和迁徙至关重要。目标。我们研究了 2007-2016 年 PPR 中水禽栖息地保护资金的大规模时空变化。具体而言，我们量化了主要资金来源以及资金如何流向加拿大和美国的特定地区。我们进一步研究了资金来源和规模如何随时间变化以及与猎人数量的关系。方法。我们收集了来自多个来源的数据，以量化来自 (1) 美国各州和非政府组织 (NGO)、(2) 加拿大政府和非政府组织以及 (3) 主要美国联邦资助的资金（以美元计，2016 年的价值） 2007 年至 2016 年 PPR 的加拿大和美国部分的来源。我们拟合线性回归来检查美国资金和活跃水禽猎人数量的时空变化。关键结果。虽然加拿大部分的年度资金在过去 10 年中相对稳定（范围：25-41 百万美元），但美国部分的资金是动态的，并且在第一次（范围：36-48 百万美元）和第二次（范围： 43-1.17 亿美元）5 年一次，尽管美国活跃的水禽猎人数量同时下降。结论。我们在将 PPR 一分为二的边界两侧的栖息地保护的多个资金流中发现了截然不同的趋势和动态。这些发现和方法值得野生动物专业人士密切关注。需要开展工作来分析过去和未来的栖息地保护资金，然后可以使用这些资金来完善维护或恢复迁徙物种种群的计划。影响。尽管 PPR 中水禽栖息地保护的资金在过去十年中有所增加，但各次区域之间的趋势并不一致，一些主要资金来源也不确定。更好地了解资金的复杂性将有助于为保护水禽和其他迁徙物种的更有效的长期规划工作提供信息。