Reflections, echoes, connections: the sixteenth century abounds with transcontinental phenomena carrying the potential to challenge Eurocentric narratives in global history. Even as we look back on the now substantial historiography of early modern global flows and connections, new and surprising aspects catch our eye every time we delve into the sixteenth century. We may take almost any single year — for example, 1546, not a particularly remarkable one in the making of the new global order — and still be confronted with a series of events calling for novel enquiries into big, globally relevant processes. In Yucatan, 1546 brought a renewal of warfare following the conclusion of one of the most violent campaigns of Spanish territorial conquest at the end of the previous year.1 In Gujarat, an Ottoman-led coalition besieged the Portuguese fort of Diu, set up a decade earlier as a result of negotiations with violent turns that had led the sultan Bahadur Shah to concede this key Indian Ocean port. The siege — the second of its sort, preceded by a first one in 1538 — forced the Estado da India to muster all its military and diplomatic might to defend itself. This involved ships and troops brought in from outposts including the semi-official Portuguese trading community of Meliapor, which had prospered on the Coromandel Coast of south India by participating in trade with south-east Asian ports such as Patani and Melaka.2 The siege of Diu may also be read in connection with the dynamics of the Ottoman campaigns in Hungary at the time and the suspension of hostilities in Italy, linked to the Anglo-French truce agreed in the Treaty of Ardres. Further events might be added to the picture, but with every addition, the challenge increases to explain what such concurrences should mean to us as historians.

中文翻译：

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全球定位的三种方式：早期跨大陆外交研究中的微观历史挑战*

反思、回响、联系：16 世纪充斥着横贯大陆的现象，它们有可能挑战全球历史上以欧洲为中心的叙事。即使我们回顾现代早期全球流动和联系的大量历史编纂，每次我们深入研究 16 世纪时，新的和令人惊讶的方面都会吸引我们的眼球。我们几乎可以在任何一年——例如，1546 年，在新的全球秩序的形成过程中并不是特别引人注目的一年——仍然会面临一系列事件，要求对大型的、全球相关的进程进行新的调查。1546 年在尤卡坦半岛结束了西班牙领土征服中最猛烈的一场战役之后，1546 年战争重新开始。1 在古吉拉特邦，奥斯曼帝国领导的联盟围攻了葡萄牙的 Diu 堡垒，十年前，由于谈判的激烈转变导致苏丹巴哈杜尔沙阿承认了这个重要的印度洋港口。1538 年的第一次围攻——第二次围攻——迫使印度国度集结其所有军事和外交力量来保卫自己。这涉及从前哨引进的船只和军队，包括半官方的葡萄牙贸易社区 Meliapor，该社区通过参与与北大年和马六甲等东南亚港口的贸易，在印度南部的科罗曼德海岸繁荣起来。 2 围攻Diu 也可以与当时匈牙利奥斯曼帝国运动的动态以及意大利的敌对行动中止有关，这与《阿尔德斯条约》中商定的英法停战有关。可能会在图片中添加更多事件，