In the early twentieth century, the idea of pimping and trafficking was being codified in most Western countries, and was deployed to rearticulate prostitution as part of a criminally organized underworld that stood firmly apart from the normal world of work, migration, and licit relationships. Pimps and traffickers were caricatured, demonized, and racialized, and increasingly seen as the chief cause of prostitution, in contrast to older feminist critiques which articulated prostitution as part of a wider system of gender exploitation underpinned by the uncontrolled sexual appetites of all men. This article looks at two pimps and traffickers, Antonio Carvelli and Alexander Di Nicotera, who were arrested in London in 1910, as a way to challenge and complicate these understandings of pimps and traffickers in the era of ‘white slavery’. It deploys the techniques of microhistory and ‘intimate’ history to uncover these elusive historical actors and to place them in a wider global and personal context. Examining the lives, work, and movements of Carvelli and de Nicotera, and others like them, reveals men who were indeed part of a mobile, cosmopolitan world of commercial sex, but it also shows the ways in which this supposed ‘underworld’ was deeply entangled with the licit economies of global capitalism. It allows us to see how these intermediaries in the sex industry were themselves often exploited and marginalized, even if their response to these experiences was to exploit others. Finally, it reveals that these men were in complex interpersonal relationships with women who sold sex in these local and global markets. When viewed in this way, Carvelli and de Nicotera slip in and out of the categories we might assign to them, and offer new ways of thinking about third parties and about the globalizing commercial sex industry in this important period.

中文翻译：

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白人奴隶制时代的贩运者和皮条客*

在 20 世纪初期，拉皮条和贩卖人口的概念在大多数西方国家被编纂成法典，并被用于重新组织卖淫活动，作为犯罪组织的黑社会的一部分，与正常的工作、移民和合法关系世界截然不同。皮条客和人贩子被漫画化、妖魔化和种族化，并且越来越多地被视为卖淫的主要原因，这与旧的女权主义批评形成鲜明对比，后者将卖淫阐述为更广泛的性别剥削制度的一部分，其基础是所有男性不受控制的性欲。本文着眼于 1910 年在伦敦被捕的两名皮条客和人贩子安东尼奥·卡维利 (Antonio Carvelli) 和亚历山大·迪尼科特拉 (Alexander Di Nicotera)，以此来挑战和复杂化“白人奴隶制”时代对皮条客和人贩子的这些理解。它运用微观历史和“亲密”历史的技术来揭示这些难以捉摸的历史参与者，并将它们置于更广泛的全球和个人背景中。审视 Carvelli 和 de Nicotera 以及其他类似的人的生活、工作和活动，发现他们确实是一个流动的、国际化的商业性世界的一部分，但它也显示了这个所谓的“黑社会”是如何深入人心的与全球资本主义的合法经济纠缠不清。它让我们看到性行业中的这些中间人本身是如何经常被剥削和边缘化的，即使他们对这些经历的反应是剥削他人。最后，它揭示了这些男性与在这些本地和全球市场上卖淫的女性有着复杂的人际关系。这样看的时候，