ABSTRACT Recent developments have rendered the Dual Fuel (DF) engines an attractive alternative solution for achieving cost-efficient compliance to environmental regulations. The present study focuses on the safety investigation of a marine DF engine in order to identify potential safety implications. This investigation is based on an integrated engine model, which was developed in GT-ISE™ software and is capable of predicting both the engine steady-state behaviour and transient response. The model includes the engine thermodynamic simulation module as well as the engine control system functional module; the latter is responsible for implementing the ordered load changes and the operating mode switching. The developed model is first validated against available published data and subsequently used to simulate several test cases with fuel changes, from gas to diesel and diesel to gas with rapid and with delayed wastegate valve operation. The derived simulation results are used to investigate the potential safety implications that can arise during the engine operation. The results demonstrate that the engine–turbocharger matching as well as the wastegate control are critical parameters for ensuring the compressor surge free operation during gas to diesel modes transition. Abbreviations: 0D: zero-dimensional; 1D: one-dimensional; BMEP: brake mean effective pressure; CO2: carbon dioxide; DF: dual fuel; D/G: diesel generator; DTG: diesel to gas fuel modes switching; ECA: emission control area; ECS: engine control system; EEDI: energy efficiency design index; GTD: gas to diesel modes switching; HFO: heavy fuel oil; IMO: International Maritime Organization; LFO: light fuel oil; LNG: liquefied natural gas; MCR: maximum continuous rating; NOx: nitrogen oxides; PHA: preliminary hazard analysis; PI: proportional–integral; SOx: sulphur oxides; TC: turbocharger; WG: wastegate; λ: air–fuel equivalence ratio

中文翻译：

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基于仿真的船用双燃料发动机研究

摘要 最近的发展使双燃料 (DF) 发动机成为一种有吸引力的替代解决方案，可实现符合成本效益的环境法规。本研究侧重于船用 DF 发动机的安全调查，以确定潜在的安全影响。该调查基于集成发动机模型，该模型是在 GT-ISE™ 软件中开发的，能够预测发动机稳态行为和瞬态响应。该模型包括发动机热力学仿真模块以及发动机控制系统功能模块；后者负责实现有序的负载变化和工作模式切换。开发的模型首先根据可用的已发布数据进行验证，然后用于模拟几个燃料变化的测试案例，从燃气到柴油和柴油到燃气的快速和延迟废气门阀操作。导出的模拟结果用于研究发动机运行过程中可能出现的潜在安全问题。结果表明，发动机-涡轮增压器匹配以及废气门控制是确保在燃气模式转换为柴油模式期间压缩机无喘振运行的关键参数。缩写： 0D：零维；1D：一维；BMEP：制动平均有效压力；CO2：二氧化碳；DF：双燃料；D/G：柴油发电机；DTG：柴油到气体燃料模式切换；ECA：排放控制区；ECS：发动机控制系统；EEDI：能效设计指标；GTD：汽油到柴油模式切换；HFO：重质燃料油；IMO：国际海事组织；LFO：轻质燃料油；液化天然气：液化天然气; MCR：最大连续额定值；NOx：氮氧化物；PHA：初步危害分析；PI：比例积分；SOx：硫氧化物；TC：涡轮增压器；WG：废气门；λ：空燃当量比