Johannes Kepler described the Copernican universe as consisting of a central, small, brilliant sun with its planetary system, all surrounded by giant stars. These stars were far larger than, and much dimmer than, the sun – his De Stella Nova shows that every visible star must exceed the size of the Earth’s orbit, and the most prominent stars may exceed the size of the entire planetary system. His other writings, including his response to Ingoli, his Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sidereo, and his Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae, also reflect this Copernican universe. To Kepler, such a universe was an illustration of divine power – and solid evidence against the stars being suns, against the universe of Giordano Bruno. Kepler’s starry universe was in fact the Copernican universe supported by observations of the stars, which showed them to have measurable apparent sizes. Not until the later seventeenth century were those apparent sizes shown to be spurious, allowing for a universe in which the stars were suns.

中文翻译：

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约翰内斯·开普勒的星空宇宙

约翰内斯·开普勒 (Johannes Kepler) 将哥白尼宇宙描述为由一个中央、小而明亮的太阳及其行星系统组成，所有这些都被巨星包围。这些恒星比太阳大得多，也比太阳暗得多——他的 De Stella Nova 表明，每颗可见的恒星都必须超过地球轨道的大小，而最突出的恒星可能会超过整个行星系统的大小。他的其他著作，包括他对 Ingoli 的回应、他的博士论文 cum Nuncio Sidereo 和他的 Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae，也反映了这个哥白尼的宇宙。对开普勒来说，这样的宇宙是神圣力量的一个例证——也是反对恒星是太阳、反对佐丹奴布鲁诺的宇宙的有力证据。开普勒的星空宇宙实际上是由恒星观测支持的哥白尼宇宙，这表明它们具有可测量的表观尺寸。直到 17 世纪后期，那些明显的尺寸才被证明是虚假的，从而形成了一个恒星是太阳的宇宙。