ABSTRACT This study begins with an overview of the Ayyūbid system of iqṭāʿ and its characteristics, followed by a review of the current state of scholarship on the Almohad iqṭāʿ system. Then some key primary-source passages concerning the Almohad iqṭāʿ are analysed in depth. The problem of the relation of the Almohad grantee (muqṭaʿ) to his estate is particularly focused on, and evidence is presented which suggests that the Almohad and Ḥafṣid grantees directly exploited and administered their estates without the intermediary role of the state, as was the case in the Mashriq under the Ayyūbids. Then evidence is presented from a neglected source, which shows that the Ayyūbid iqṭāʿ system was applied in Ifrīqiyya (western Libya and Tunisia) during the occupation of that region by Sharaf al-Dīn Qarāqūsh and the Ghuzz (Ayyūbid soldiers) in the 1180s. Following their defeat by the Almohads, the Ghuzz were employed in the Almohad army and some of them attained high rank. It is suggested that the Ayyūbid occupation of Ifrīqiyya, and the subsequent presence of the Ghuzz in the Almohad military apparatus may have had some influence on the development of the iqṭāʿ in the Almohad and post-Almohad periods.

中文翻译：

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Ifrīqiyya 中 Ayyūbid Iqṭāʿ 的证据和对 Almohad Iqṭāʿ 的重新考虑

摘要 本研究首先概述了阿尤比德 iqṭāʿ 系统及其特征，然后回顾了 Almohad iqṭāʿ 系统的学术现状。然后深入分析了一些关于 Almohad iqṭāʿ 的主要原始来源段落。Almohad 受赠人 (muqṭaʿ) 与其遗产的关系问题特别受到关注，并且提供的证据表明，Almohad 和 Ḥafṣid 受赠人在没有国家中介作用的情况下直接开发和管理他们的遗产，就像这种情况一样在 Ayyūbids 下的 Mashriq。然后从一个被忽视的来源提供了证据，这表明 Ayyūbid iqṭāʿ 系统在 1180 年代被 Sharaf al-Dīn Qarāqūsh 和 Ghuzz（Ayyūbid 士兵）占领期间在 Ifrīqiyya（利比亚西部和突尼斯）应用。在被 Almohads 击败后，Ghuzz 受雇于 Almohad 军队，其中一些人获得了高级职位。有人认为，Ayyūbid 占领了 Ifrīqiyya，以及随后在 Almohad 军事机构中出现的 Ghuzz 可能对 Almohad 和后 Almohad 时期 iqṭāʿ 的发展产生了一些影响。