Drug resistance has been partly driven by the overuse of antimicrobials in agricultural animal feed. Better understanding of antibiotic resistance in bovine gut is needed to assess its potential effects based on metagenomic approach and analysis. In this study, we collected 40 fecal samples to explore drug resistance derived from antibiotic use in the bacterial community by an analysis of the diversities and differences of antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) in the gut microbiota from yak, beef, and dairy cattle. Overall, 1688 genes were annotated, including 734 ARG subtypes. The ARGs were related to tetracyclines, quinolones, β-lactam, and aminoglycosides, in accordance with the antibiotics widely used in the clinic for humans or animals. The emergence, prevalence, and differences in resistance genes in the intestines of yaks, beef, and dairy cattle may be caused by the selective pressure of different feeding patterns, where yaks were raised without antibiotics for growth promotion. In addition, the abundance of ARGs in yak was lower than in beef and dairy cattle, whereas the abundance of integron, a kind of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) was higher in yaks than those in beef and dairy cattle. Furthermore, the results of this study could provide the basis for a comprehensive profile of various ARGs among yak, beef, and dairy cattle in future.

耐药性的部分原因是在农业动物饲料中过度使用抗菌剂。需要更好地了解牛肠道中的抗生素耐药性，以评估其基于宏基因组方法和分析的潜在影响。在这项研究中，我们收集了 40 个粪便样本，通过分析牦牛、肉牛和奶牛肠道微生物群中抗生素耐药基因 (ARG) 的多样性和差异，探索细菌群落中抗生素使用引起的耐药性。总共注释了 1688 个基因，包括 734 个 ARG 亚型。根据临床上广泛用于人类或动物的抗生素，ARGs 与四环素类、喹诺酮类、β-内酰胺类和氨基糖苷类有关。牦牛、牛、牛肠道耐药基因的出现、流行及差异 和奶牛可能是由于不同喂养方式的选择压力造成的，其中饲养牦牛时未使用抗生素促进生长。此外，牦牛体内ARGs的丰度低于肉牛和奶牛，而整合子（一种移动遗传元件，MGEs）的丰度在牦牛体内高于肉牛和奶牛。此外，本研究的结果可为将来全面分析牦牛、肉牛和奶牛中的各种 ARG 提供基础。牦牛的一种移动遗传元件（MGEs）高于肉牛和奶牛。此外，本研究的结果可为将来全面分析牦牛、肉牛和奶牛中的各种 ARG 提供基础。牦牛的一种移动遗传元件（MGEs）高于肉牛和奶牛。此外，本研究的结果可为将来全面分析牦牛、肉牛和奶牛中的各种 ARG 提供基础。