In organic crop farms, growing crop yields are limited by insufficient nitrogen supply to plants and crop weediness. In such farms, legume swards are proposed as a service crop to improve nitrogen cycling. However, a positive effect of nitrogen is not only on cereals but also on weeds. In crop rotation, legume swards can stimulate the competition of cereals using the above-ground mass of legume to control the spread of weeds. The effects of the following methods for weeds control were analyzed: (i) forage legumes (Trifolium pratense L. and T. repens) undersown in cereals, (ii) forage legumes (T. pratense L., Medicago sativa L.) and their mixture with festulolium (x Festuliolium) and their above-ground mass management methods, and (iii) plant-based fertilizers (red clover above-ground mass fermented and composted). Oat with red clover undersown reduced weediness more than red clover monocrops, pea, and their mixture with oats. Incorporated undersown white clover mass increased spring barley competitiveness with weeds. When growing legume swards for a longer period of time (green fallow), red clover and their mixture with festulolium are the most suitable for this purpose. The lowest weed dry weight (average 34%, compared with the removal from the field) was obtained while using the mixed management. The cultivation of cereals after forage legumes and their mixtures with festulolium (as a preceding crop) increases its grain yield and competitive ability against weeds. Fermented red clover and fermented pea and spring wheat mixture mass, as a manure, did not increase weediness. It was concluded that the effectiveness of the perennial forage legumes is determined by the uses of the above-ground mass: soil cover, mulching, application of green manure, and intensity of mass mineralization. Type of activity of forage legumes on weeds were competition for environmental resources, disruption/promotion of germination, destruction of above-ground mass, reduction of the amount of matured seeds, creation of a physical barrier (mulch), and increase of competitiveness of cereals. Growing forage legumes in pure crops usually leads to a loss of marketable production.

中文翻译：

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多年生牧草豆科植物栽培及其地上大量管理方法以抑制可耕有机种植系统中的杂草

在有机作物农场，作物产量受到植物氮供应不足和作物杂草的限制。在此类农场中，建议将豆科植物作为改善氮循环的服务作物。然而，氮的积极影响不仅对谷物而且对杂草也有影响。在轮作中，豆科植物可以利用豆科植物的地上部分来刺激谷物的竞争，以控制杂草的蔓延。分析了以下杂草控制方法的效果：(i) 草料豆科植物 (Trifolium pratense L. 和 T. repens) 在谷物中播种不足，(ii) 草料豆科植物（T. pratense L.、Medicago sativa L.）及其与 festulolium (x Festuliolium) 及其地上物质管理方法的混合物，以及 (iii) 植物基肥料（红三叶草地上物质发酵和堆肥）。与红三叶草单一作物、豌豆及其与燕麦的混合物相比，红三叶草下播的燕麦减少了杂草。掺入未播种的白三叶草可以提高春大麦对杂草的竞争力。当种植豆科植物较长时间（绿色休耕）时，红三叶草及其与 festulolium 的混合物最适合此目的。使用混合管理时获得的杂草干重最低（平均 34%，与从田间清除相比）。在牧草豆类及其与 festulolium 的混合物（作为前作作物）之后种植谷物可提高其谷物产量和对杂草的竞争能力。发酵的红三叶草和发酵的豌豆和春小麦混合物作为肥料，不会增加杂草。得出的结论是，多年生牧草豆科植物的有效性取决于地上物质的用途：土壤覆盖、覆盖、施用绿肥和大量矿化的强度。牧草豆类对杂草的活动类型是对环境资源的竞争、破坏/促进发芽、破坏地上物质、减少成熟种子的数量、形成物理屏障（覆盖物）以及提高谷物的竞争力. 在纯作物中种植饲料豆类通常会导致适销对路的产量损失。破坏地上物质，减少成熟种子的数量，形成物理屏障（覆盖物），并提高谷物的竞争力。在纯作物中种植饲料豆类通常会导致适销对路的产量损失。破坏地上物质，减少成熟种子的数量，形成物理屏障（覆盖物），并提高谷物的竞争力。在纯作物中种植饲料豆类通常会导致适销对路的产量损失。