GRAS, a key transcription factor in plant growth and development, has not yet been reported in quinoa. Therefore, this study used the latest quinoa genomic data to identify and analyse GRAS genes in quinoa: 52 GRAS genes were identified in quinoa, these being unevenly distributed on 19 chromosomes. Fragment duplication and tandem duplication events were the main reasons for the expansion of the GRAS gene family in quinoa. Protein sequence analysis showed that there were some differences in amino acid numbers and isoelectric points amongst different subfamilies, and the main secondary structures were α-helix and random coil. The CqGRAS gene was divided into 14 subfamilies based on results from phylogenetic analysis. The genes located in the same subfamily had similar gene structures, conserved motifs, and three-level models. Promoter region analysis showed that the GRAS family genes contained multiple homeostasis elements that responded to hormones and adversity. GO enrichment indicated that CqGRAS genes were involved in biological processes, cell components, and molecular functions. By analysing the expression of CqGRAS genes in different tissues and different treatments, it was found that GRAS genes had obvious differential expression in different tissues and stress, which indicates that GRAS genes had tissue or organ expression specificity and thus might play an important role in response to stress. These results laid a foundation for further functional research on the GRAS gene family in quinoa.

GRAS是植物生长和发育的关键转录因子，尚未在藜麦中报道。因此，本研究采用最新的藜基因组数据来识别和分析GRAS在藜基因：52个GRAS基因藜进行鉴定，这些被分布不均的19条染色体。片段复制和串联复制事件是藜麦 GRAS 基因家族扩增的主要原因。蛋白质序列分析表明，不同亚科的氨基酸数量和等电点存在一定差异，主要二级结构为α-螺旋和无规卷曲。该CqGRAS根据系统发育分析结果，该基因被分为14个亚家族。位于同一亚科的基因具有相似的基因结构、保守的基序和三级模型。启动子区域分析表明，GRAS 家族基因包含多个对激素和逆境做出反应的稳态元件。GO富集表明CqGRAS基因参与生物过程、细胞成分和分子功能。通过分析CqGRAS基因在不同组织和不同处理中的表达情况，发现GRAS基因在不同组织和胁迫下有明显的差异表达，说明GRAS基因具有组织或器官表达特异性，因此可能在应对压力方面发挥重要作用。这些结果为进一步开展藜麦GRAS基因家族的功能研究奠定了基础。