Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a curative option for various hematologic malignancies. However, fatal complications, such as relapse and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) hampered favorable HSCT outcomes. Cancer cells remained in the body following the conditioning regimen, or those contaminating the autologous graft can cause relapse. Although the relapse is much lesser in allogeneic HSCT, GVHD is still a life-threatening complication in this type of HSCT. Researchers are seeking various strategies to reduce relapse and GVHD in HSCT with minimum effects on the engraftment and immune-reconstitution. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are emerging anti-cancer agents with promising results in battling solid tumors. OVs can selectively replicate in the malignant cells in which the antiviral immune responses have defected. Hence, they could be used as a purging agent to eradicate the tumoral contamination of autologous grafts with no damages to hematopoietic stem cells. Moreover, they have been shown to alleviate GVHD complications through modulating alloreactive T cell responses. Primary results promise using OVs as a strategy to reduce both relapse and GVHD in the HSCT without affecting hematologic and immunologic engraftment. Herein, we provide the latest findings in the field of OV therapy in HSCT and discuss their pros and cons.

造血干细胞移植 (HSCT) 是各种血液系统恶性肿瘤的治疗选择。然而，致命的并发症，如复发和移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）阻碍了良好的 HSCT 结果。预处理方案后癌细胞仍留在体内，或者那些污染自体移植物的癌细胞会导致复发。尽管异基因 HSCT 的复发率要低得多，但 GVHD 仍然是此类 HSCT 中危及生命的并发症。研究人员正在寻求各种策略来减少 HSCT 中的复发和 GVHD，同时对植入和免疫重建的影响最小。溶瘤病毒 (OVs) 是新兴的抗癌药物，在对抗实体瘤方面取得了可喜的成果。OVs 可以选择性地在抗病毒免疫反应缺陷的恶性细胞中复制。因此，初步结果承诺使用 OVs 作为减少 HSCT 中复发和 GVHD 的策略，而不影响血液学和免疫学植入。在此，我们提供了 HSCT 中 OV 治疗领域的最新发现，并讨论了它们的优缺点。初步结果承诺使用 OVs 作为减少 HSCT 中复发和 GVHD 的策略，而不影响血液学和免疫学植入。在此，我们提供了 HSCT 中 OV 治疗领域的最新发现，并讨论了它们的优缺点。