In recent years, environmental regulations, public awareness and economic opportunities have motivated many researchers to study Hybrid Manufacturing/Remanufacturing Systems (HMRSs). This research addresses the production planning of a sustainable hybrid production system including integrated manufacturing and remanufacturing processes within a closed-loop reverse logistics network with two-way substitution and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) directive. One of the main options of our developed model is that a number of customers may switch from new products to remanufactured ones and vice versa. Moreover, a stochastic demand is met by purchasing manufactured and remanufactured products in primary and secondary markets, respectively. Six scenarios are considered based on the capacity of manufacturing and remanufacturing processes to develop a sustainable manufacturing/remanufacturing policy that would maximize the expected profit. Through sensitivity analyses, the impacts of the key parameters such as substitution rates, sales price, yield rate and production costs are investigated to provide useful managerial insights. Based on the obtained results, with the increase of substitution rates, the expected profit and the recycling rate increase. Furthermore, with the increase in production costs, the expected profit and the recycling rate decrease.

近年来，环境法规、公众意识和经济机会促使许多研究人员研究混合制造/再制造系统 (HMRS)。这项研究解决了可持续混合生产系统的生产计划，包括在具有双向替代和废弃电气电子设备 (WEEE) 指令的闭环逆向物流网络内的集成制造和再制造过程。我们开发的模型的主要选择之一是，许多客户可能会从新产品转向再制造产品，反之亦然。此外，通过分别在一级市场和二级市场购买制造和再制造产品来满足随机需求。根据制造和再制造过程的能力考虑了六种情景，以制定可持续的制造/再制造政策，以最大限度地提高预期利润。通过敏感性分析，研究了替代率、销售价格、良率和生产成本等关键参数的影响，以提供有用的管理见解。根据得到的结果，随着替代率的增加，预期利润和回收率增加。此外，随着生产成本的增加，预期利润和回收率下降。对良率和生产成本进行了调查，以提供有用的管理见解。根据得到的结果，随着替代率的增加，预期利润和回收率增加。此外，随着生产成本的增加，预期利润和回收率下降。对良率和生产成本进行了调查，以提供有用的管理见解。根据得到的结果，随着替代率的增加，预期利润和回收率增加。此外，随着生产成本的增加，预期利润和回收率下降。