Abstract

Organic–inorganic hybrid nanoflowers have gained considerable attention over the last years due to their morphologies, enhanced enzymatic activities, and relatively high stability. The framework of these hybrid nanostructures has been associated with the formation of Cu₃(PO₄)₂.3H₂O (pure copper phosphate nanoflowers). In this study, we investigated the formation of pure copper phosphate nanoflowers (p-CPnfs), and their effects on hemocytes and enzymatic responses in Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as a model organism. Therefore, the effects of p-CPnfs on G. mellonella hemocytes and on the activities of hemolymph acetylcholine esterase (AChE), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) enzymes were evaluated after a 24-h p-CPnfs treatment in the G. mellonella larvae. Different concentrations of p-CPnfs (100, 500, 1000, 2000, 6000 ppm) were cautiously force-fed to the fourth instar larvae through the mouth of the insect by means of a micro-fine insulin syringe without causing any physical damage. 1000, 2000, and 6000 ppm of p-CPnfs significantly increased the total hemocyte counts (THCs) of the G. mellonella larvae. 500, 1000, 2000, and 6000 ppm of p-CPnfs increased the SOD activity of the larvae. 1000, 2000, and 6000 ppm of p-CPnfs increased the CAT activity in the hemolymph of the larvae. Unlike the results seen in SOD and CAT enzyme activities, all concentrations of p-CPnfs decreased AChE activity in the larval hemolymph. In addition to these results, LC₅₀ value was found to be 8410 ppm for the force-fed larvae at the end of the 24-h period.

Graphical abstract

中文翻译：

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有机-无机杂化纳米花框架对模型生物大蜡螟（鳞翅目：螟蛾科）血细胞和酶促反应的影响

摘要

有机-无机杂化纳米花由于其形态、增强的酶活性和相对较高的稳定性在过去几年中受到了广泛关注。这些混合纳米结构的框架与 Cu ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ .3H ₂ O（纯磷酸铜纳米花）的形成有关。在这项研究中，我们研究了纯磷酸铜纳米花 (p-CPnfs) 的形成，以及它们对大蜡螟（鳞翅目：螟虫科）作为模式生物的血细胞和酶反应的影响。因此，p-CPnfs 对G. mellonella 的影响在对大蜡螟幼虫进行 24 小时 p-CPnfs 处理后，评估了血细胞和血淋巴乙酰胆碱酯酶 (AChE)、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD) 和过氧化氢酶 (CAT) 的活性。使用微细胰岛素注射器将不同浓度的 p-CPnfs（100、500、1000、2000、6000 ppm）小心地通过昆虫的嘴强制喂给四龄幼虫，而不会造成任何物理损伤。1000、2000 和 6000 ppm 的 p-CPnfs 显着增加了大蜡螟的总血细胞计数 (THC)幼虫。500、1000、2000 和 6000 ppm 的 p-CPnfs 增加了幼虫的 SOD 活性。1000、2000 和 6000 ppm 的 p-CPnfs 增加了幼虫血淋巴中的 CAT 活性。与 SOD 和 CAT 酶活性的结果不同，所有浓度的 p-CPnfs 都降低了幼虫血淋巴中的 AChE 活性。除了这些结果外，在 24 小时结束时，强制喂养的幼虫的LC ₅₀值为 8410 ppm。

图形概要