It is well established that mothers’ parenting impacts children's adjustment. However, much less is known about how children's psychopathology impacts their mothers’ parenting and how parenting and child symptoms relate either bidirectionally (i.e., a relationship in both directions over two time points) or transactionally (i.e., a process that unfolds over time) to one another over a span of several years. In addition, relatively little research addresses the role of fathers’ parenting in the development of children's symptoms and, conversely, how children may elicit certain types of parenting from fathers. In this study, data were collected from 491 families on mothers’ and fathers’ parenting styles (authoritarianism, authoritativeness, permissiveness, and overprotectiveness) and children's symptoms of psychopathology (attention deficit, oppositional defiant, depression, and anxiety) when children were age 3, 6, and 9 years old. Cross-lagged panel analyses revealed that parents and children affected one another in a bidirectional and transactional fashion over the course of the six years studied. Results suggest that children's symptoms may compound over time partially because they reduce exposure to adaptive and increase exposure to maladaptive parenting styles. Likewise, maladaptive parenting may persist over time due to the persistence of children's symptoms.

众所周知，母亲的养育方式会影响孩子的适应能力。然而，关于儿童的精神病理学如何影响母亲的养育以及养育和儿童症状如何双向（即两个时间点上的双向关系）或交易性（即随着时间的推移展开的过程）与彼此跨越数年。此外，相对较少的研究涉及父亲的养育方式在儿童症状发展中的作用，以及相反地，儿童如何从父亲那里引出某些类型的养育方式。在这项研究中，从 491 个家庭中收集了关于母亲和父亲的养育方式（威权主义、权威性、放纵和过度保护）和孩子的养育方式的数据。儿童 3、6 和 9 岁时的精神病理学症状（注意力缺陷、对立违抗、抑郁和焦虑）。交叉滞后小组分析显示，在所研究的六年过程中，父母和孩子以双向和交易的方式相互影响。结果表明，儿童的症状可能会随着时间的推移而加重，部分原因是它们减少了对适应性的接触，并增加了对适应不良的养育方式的接触。同样，由于儿童症状的持续存在，适应不良的养育方式可能会随着时间的推移而持续存在。交叉滞后小组分析显示，在所研究的六年过程中，父母和孩子以双向和交易的方式相互影响。结果表明，儿童的症状可能会随着时间的推移而加重，部分原因是它们减少了对适应性的接触，并增加了对适应不良的养育方式的接触。同样，由于儿童症状的持续存在，适应不良的养育方式可能会随着时间的推移而持续存在。交叉滞后小组分析显示，在所研究的六年过程中，父母和孩子以双向和交易的方式相互影响。结果表明，儿童的症状可能会随着时间的推移而加重，部分原因是它们减少了对适应性的接触，并增加了对适应不良的养育方式的接触。同样，由于儿童症状的持续存在，适应不良的养育方式可能会随着时间的推移而持续存在。