ABSTRACT

Organic agriculture has developed in Indonesia since the 1980s due to the work of various pioneer social movement organizations and as a reaction to the ecological and socio-economic problems arising from the Green Revolution. In the twenty-first century, organic agriculture has undergone standardization and market expansion, following the dominant agroeconomic trajectory. This article discusses the way three pioneer organic organizations in the Yogyakarta region have reacted to these developments. The findings show two divergent reactions, with one organization resistant to market expansion, while the others are more open to it due to their funding needs. However, all three share tensions regarding issues of fairness in market relations. These tensions reveal unarticulated socio-structural issues that tend to be overlooked in the current trend towards marketization in organic agriculture. The move away from its social movement foundations leads to laments that ‘organic has lost its way’. This article argues that the tensions illustrate issues voiced by the conventionalization debate in organic agriculture and that these issues should be articulated to reclaim the transformative potential of organic as a social movement in Indonesia.

摘要

由于各种先驱社会运动组织的工作以及对绿色革命引起的生态和社会经济问题的反应，有机农业自 1980 年代以来在印度尼西亚得到发展。在二十一世纪，有机农业遵循主导的农业经济轨迹，经历了标准化和市场扩张。本文讨论了日惹地区的三个先驱有机组织对这些发展的反应方式。调查结果显示了两种不同的反应，一个组织抵制市场扩张，而其他组织由于资金需求而更加开放。然而，在市场关系的公平性问题上，这三者都存在紧张关系。这些紧张关系揭示了在当前有机农业市场化趋势中往往被忽视的未阐明的社会结构问题。离开其社会运动基础的举动导致人们感叹“有机已经迷失了方向”。本文认为，这种紧张关系说明了有机农业中常规化辩论所表达的问题，并且应该阐明这些问题，以恢复有机作为印度尼西亚社会运动的变革潜力。