The effects of pre-equilibrium emission and secondary decay on the determination of the freeze-out volume are investigated using the isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics model accompanied by the statistical decay model GEMINI. Small-mass projectiles and large-mass targets with central collisions are studied at intermediate energies. It is revealed that the proton yields of pre-equilibrium emission are smaller than those of secondary decay. However, the determination of the freeze-out volume from the proton yields is more easily affected by pre-equilibrium emission. Moreover, the percentage of proton yields in the freeze-out stage is found to be approximately 50%.

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国家自然科学基金项目（11905018）和山西省高等学校科技创新计划项目（2019L0908）资助)

使用同位旋相关的量子分子动力学模型和统计衰减模型 GEMINI 研究了预平衡发射和二次衰减对确定冻结体积的影响。在中等能量下研究了具有中心碰撞的小质量射弹和大质量目标。结果表明，预平衡发射的质子产率小于二次衰变的质子产率。然而，从质子产率确定冻结体积更容易受到预平衡发射的影响。此外，发现冻结阶段的质子产率百分比约为 50%。