The cosmological term, Λ, was introduced 104 years ago by Einstein in his gravitational field equations. Whether Λ is a rigid quantity or a dynamical variable in cosmology has been a matter of debate for many years, especially after the introduction of the general notion of dark energy (DE). Λ is associated to the vacuum energy density, , and one may expect that it evolves slowly with the cosmological expansion. Herein we present a devoted study testing this possibility using the promising class of running vacuum models (RVMs). We use a large string SNIa+BAO+H(z)+LSS+CMB of modern cosmological data, in which for the first time the CMB part involves the full Planck 2018 likelihood for these models. We test the dependence of the results on the threshold redshift at which the vacuum dynamics is activated in the recent past and find positive signals up to for . The RVMs prove very competitive against the standard ΛCDM model and give a handle for solving the tension and alleviating the H ₀ one.

宇宙学术语Λ是104年前爱因斯坦在他的引力场方程中引入的。Λ 是宇宙学中的刚性量还是动力学变量一直是一个争论多年的问题，尤其是在引入暗能量（DE）的一般概念之后。Λ 与真空能量密度有关，可以预期它会随着宇宙膨胀缓慢演化。在此，我们提出了一项专门的研究，使用有前途的运行真空模型 (RVM) 来测试这种可能性。我们使用现代宇宙学数据的大字符串 SNIa+BAO+ H ( z )+LSS+CMB，其中 CMB 部分首次涉及这些模型的完整普朗克 2018 可能性。我们测试结果对阈值红移的依赖在该真空动力学在最近激活并找到了积极的信号为。事实证明，RVM 与标准的 ΛCDM 模型相比非常具有竞争力，并提供了解决张力和减轻H _{0 的方法}。